SynthesisTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH2013
Epidemiology of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Africa.
Synthesis in Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- Topical fluorouracil after surgery for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Kenya: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2016Trial
- Article
- The social and clinical profile of patients with ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma in Tanzania.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Review
- Corneal Epithelial and Vascular Tumors in Domestic Species: Narrative Review of the Literature and Insights from New Cases (2016-2025).Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Optical coherence tomography angiography in evaluating the response of ocular surface squamous neoplasia to topical immunotherapy.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Epidemiological investigative report on ocular morbidity in children in rural Kenya.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Histopathological spectrum of ocular masses in a tertiary eye center in Northern China: a 12-year retrospective analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Identification of dysregulated gene clusters and pathways driving ocular surface squamous neoplasia progression.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A massive ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Management and outcomes of ocular surface squamous neoplasia at a tertiary hospital, South Africa.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Trends in the incidence of cancers related to HIV-AIDS in Harare, Zimbabwe 1990-2019.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Ocular Surface Cancers: A Review.Seminars in ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Article
- Update in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The critical role of primary care clinicians in the early detection of ocular surface squamous neoplasia.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2025Article
- Establishment of a nomogram model to predict malignant risk in patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia and ocular surface squamous epithelial tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Infectious etiologies of conjunctival tumors.Expert review of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Factors influencing delayed presentation of periorbital carcinoma requiring orbital exenteration.Journal of the colleges of medicine of South Africa · 2025Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo describe the epidemiology and an aetiological model of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in Africa.
methodsSystematic and non-systematic review methods were used. Incidence was obtained from the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the reference lists of articles retrieved. Meta-analyses were conducted using a fixed-effects model for HIV and cigarette smoking and random effects for human papilloma virus (HPV).
resultsThe incidence of OSSN is highest in the Southern Hemisphere (16° South), with the highest age-standardised rate (ASR) reported from Zimbabwe (3.4 and 3.0 cases/year/100 000 population for males and females, respectively). The mean ASR worldwide is 0.18 and 0.08 cases/year/100 000 among males and females, respectively. The risk increases with exposure to direct daylight (2-4 h, OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.4 and ≥5 h OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) and outdoor occupations (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). Meta-analysis also shows a strong association with HIV (6 studies: OR = 6.17, 95% CI: 4.83-7.89) and HPV (7 studies: OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.27-5.49) but not cigarette smoking (2 studies: OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.94-2.09). The effect of atopy, xeroderma pigmentosa and vitamin A deficiency is unclear.
conclusionsAfrica has the highest incidence of OSSN in the world, where males and females are equally affected, unlike other continents where male disease predominates. African women probably have increased risk due to their higher prevalence of HIV and HPV infections. As the survival of HIV-infected people increases, and given no evidence that anti-retroviral therapy (ART) reduces the risk of OSSN, the incidence of OSSN may increase in coming years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.