Trial reportJournal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine2013
Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed.
Trial report in Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 346 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 3: The Effect of Caffeine on Electroencephalography (EEG) During Wakefulness-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 1: The Effects of Caffeine on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 2: The Effect of Caffeine on Sleep-Related Electroencephalography (EEG)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- The Impact of Dietary Factors on the Sleep of Athletically Trained Populations: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Caffeine reduces accuracy in face recognition memory consolidation.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a randomized clinical crossover trial.Sleep · 2025Trial
- Effects of nurse-led brief behavioral treatment for insomnia in adults: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Trial
- Caffeine Intake Alters Recovery Sleep after Sleep Deprivation.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Energy drinks: effects on pediatric 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A randomized trial.Pediatric research · 2023Trial
- Effects of Caffeine Intake on Cardiopulmonary Variables and QT Interval after a Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.BioMed research international · 2022Trial
- Regular Caffeine Intake Delays REM Sleep Promotion and Attenuates Sleep Quality in Healthy Men.Journal of biological rhythms · 2021Trial
- The impact of daily caffeine intake on nighttime sleep in young adult men.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance.Nutrients · 2016Trial
- Daily-level associations between sleep hygiene, cannabis use, and sleep health outcomes.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Coffee, the Gut Microbiome, and Host Metabolism: Gastrointestinal Fate, Microbial Transformation, Mechanistic Insights, and Prospects for Precision Nutrition.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Energy Drink Use and Adolescent Sleep Debt: Implications for Obesity, Cognition, and Physical Activity.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Elevating sleep to a global health priority: The One Sleep Health framework.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Review
- One Step Further: Integrating Evidence-Based Guidelines into Practice to Address Environmental Challenges at the Men's 2026 FIFA World Cup.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveSleep hygiene recommendations are widely disseminated despite the fact that few systematic studies have investigated the empirical bases of sleep hygiene in the home environment. For example, studies have yet to investigate the relative effects of a given dose of caffeine administered at different times of day on subsequent sleep.
methodsThis study compared the potential sleep disruptive effects of a fixed dose of caffeine (400 mg) administered at 0, 3, and 6 hours prior to habitual bedtime relative to a placebo on self-reported sleep in the home. Sleep disturbance was also monitored objectively using a validated portable sleep monitor.
resultsResults demonstrated a moderate dose of caffeine at bedtime, 3 hours prior to bedtime, or 6 hours prior to bedtime each have significant effects on sleep disturbance relative to placebo (p < 0.05 for all).
conclusionThe magnitude of reduction in total sleep time suggests that caffeine taken 6 hours before bedtime has important disruptive effects on sleep and provides empirical support for sleep hygiene recommendations to refrain from substantial caffeine use for a minimum of 6 hours prior to bedtime.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.