ArticleJournal of virology2014
Risk assessment of H2N2 influenza viruses from the avian reservoir.
Article in Journal of virology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of a ferritin nanoparticle H2 influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- The receptor landscape of influenza A viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Antigenic mapping of H2 influenza viruses recognized by ferret and human sera and predicting antigenically significant sites.mSphere · 2026Article
- Genomic features associated with sustained mammalian transmission of avian influenza A viruses.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- A new path to spillover: MHC-II entry of influenza A viruses.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Antigenic Mapping of H2 Influenza Viruses recognized by Ferret and Human Sera and Predicting Antigenically Significant Sites.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Dual receptor-binding, infectivity, and transmissibility of an emerging H2N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus.Nature communications · 2024Article
- MHC class II proteins mediate sialic acid independent entry of human and avian H2N2 influenza A viruses.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- A Rapid Virus-Free Method for Producing Influenza HA Immunogen Needed for Preparation of Influenza Vaccine Potency Antisera Reagents.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
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- Preparation for the next pandemic: challenges in strengthening surveillance.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Continued adaptation of A/H2N2 viruses during pandemic circulation in humans.The Journal of general virology · 2023Article
- A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of H1, H2 and H3 subtype avian influenza viruses.Virus genes · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Pre-Pandemic Trivalent COBRA HA Vaccine in Mice Pre-Immune to Historical H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses.Viruses · 2023Article
- Global dissemination of influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones.Molecular ecology · 2023Article
- Varying Viral Replication and Disease Profiles of H2N2 Influenza in Ferrets Is Associated with Virus Isolate and Inoculation Route.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Review
- Transmission dynamics of low pathogenicity avian influenza (H2N2) viruses in live bird markets of the Northeast United States of America, 2013-2019.Virus evolution · 2022Article
- The pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market H2N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, Pekin ducks, and guinea fowl.Veterinary microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
H2N2 influenza A viruses were the cause of the 1957-1958 pandemic. Historical evidence demonstrates they arose from avian virus ancestors, and while the H2N2 subtype has disappeared from humans, it persists in wild and domestic birds. Reemergence of H2N2 in humans is a significant threat due to the absence of humoral immunity in individuals under the age of 50. Thus, examination of these viruses, particularly those from the avian reservoir, must be addressed through surveillance, characterization, and antiviral testing. The data presented here are a risk assessment of 22 avian H2N2 viruses isolated from wild and domestic birds over 6 decades. Our data show that they have a low rate of genetic and antigenic evolution and remained similar to isolates circulating near the time of the pandemic. Most isolates replicated in mice and human bronchial epithelial cells, but replication in swine tissues was low or absent. Multiple isolates replicated in ferrets, and 3 viruses were transmitted to direct-contact cage mates. Markers of mammalian adaptation in hemagglutinin (HA) and PB2 proteins were absent from all isolates, and they retained a preference for avian-like α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. Most isolates remained antigenically similar to pandemic A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) virus, suggesting they could be controlled by the pandemic vaccine candidate. All viruses were susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes. Nonetheless, the sustained pathogenicity of avian H2N2 viruses in multiple mammalian models elevates their risk potential for human infections and stresses the need for continual surveillance as a component of prepandemic planning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.