ArticlePloS one2013
Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Under-Five Child Mortality.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Time to death and its determinants of under-five children in rural Ethiopia by using shared frailty.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Determinants of Neonatal, Infant and Child Mortalities in Iran: A Systematic Review.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
- Socioeconomic and education-based inequality in suspected developmental delays among Nepalese children: a subnational level assessment.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Determinant factors of under-five mortality in rural Ethiopia.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- The factors associated with under-five mortality in Ethiopia.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- Modelling local patterns of child mortality risk: a Bayesian Spatio-temporal analysis.BMC public health · 2021Article
- [Avoidable childhood deaths: an analysis by department and municipality in Colombia (2000-2018)Mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis: uma análise por departamento e município na Colômbia (2000-2018)].Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Socio-economic, macroeconomic, demographic, and environmental variables as determinants of child mortality in South Asia.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- The trend of full vaccination coverage in infants and inequalities by wealth quintile and maternal education: analysis from four recent demographic and health surveys in Nepal.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Under-Five Mortality and Associated Factors: Evidence from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (2001⁻2016).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Association of Place of Residence and Under-Five Mortality in Middle- and Low-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality in rural Bangladesh: evidence from seven national surveys spreading over 20 years.International journal for equity in health · 2017Article
- Causes of and contributors to infant mortality in a rural community of North India: evidence from verbal and social autopsy.BMJ open · 2017Article
- Article
- Factors associated with infant mortality in Nepal: a comparative analysis of Nepal demographic and health surveys (NDHS) 2006 and 2011.BMC public health · 2017Article
- Decreasing disparities in infant survival using surveillance data from Burkina Faso.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015Article
- Article
- Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundInequalities in progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goal four (MDG-4) reflect unequal access to child health services.
objectiveTo examine the time trends, socio-economic and regional inequalities of under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Nepal.
methodsWe analyzed the data from complete birth histories of four Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) done in the years 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011. For each livebirth, we computed survival period from birth until either fifth birthday or the survey date. Using direct methods i.e. by constructing life tables, we calculated yearly U5MRs from 1991 to 2010. Projections were made for the years 2011 to 2015. For each NDHS, U5MRs were calculated according to child's sex, mother's education, household wealth index, rural/urban residence, development regions and ecological zones. Inequalities were calculated as rate difference, rate ratio, population attributable risk and hazard ratio.
resultsYearly U5MR (per 1000 live births) had decreased from 157.3 (95% CIs 178.0-138.9) in 1991 to 43.2 (95% CIs 59.1-31.5) in 2010 i.e. 114.1 reduction in absolute risk. Projected U5MR for the year 2015 was 54.33. U5MRs had decreased in absolute terms in all sub groups but relative inequalities had reduced for gender and rural/urban residence only. Wide inequalities existed by wealth and education and increased between 1996 and 2011. For lowest wealth quintile (as compared to highest quintile) hazard ratio (HR) increased from 1.37 (95% CIs 1.27, 1.49) to 2.54 ( 95% CIs 2.25, 2.86) and for mothers having no education (as compared to higher education) HR increased from 2.55 (95% CIs 1.95, 3.33) to 3.75 (95% CIs 3.17, 4.44). Changes in regional inequities were marginal and irregular.
conclusionsNepal is most likely to achieve MDG-4 but eductional and wealth inequalities may widen further. National health policies should address to reduce inequalities in U5MR through 'inclusive policies'.
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