ArticlePloS one2013
MiR-21 in the extracellular vesicles (EVs) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): a platform for glioblastoma biomarker development.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 234 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 326 citations in OpenAlex.
- The diagnostic accuracy of exosomes for glioma: A meta-analysis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Pooled it
- The diagnostic value of serum miR-21 in patients with ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of ovarian research · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of extracellular vesicles as non-invasive biomarkers in glioma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring.Molecular biology reports · 2021Pooled it
- MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer science · 2018Pooled it
- Extracellular miRNA-21 as a novel biomarker in glioma: Evidence from meta-analysis, clinical validation and experimental investigations.Oncotarget · 2016Pooled it
- Circulating miRNAs for glioblastoma monitoring: from biofluid to clinical decision.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Review
- Urine and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for early glioma detection: a systematic review.Diagnostic and prognostic research · 2026Review
- Exploring CSF microRNA signatures as diagnostic biomarkers in adult-type diffuse gliomas.Non-coding RNA research · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology: Molecular Diagnosis, Disease Monitoring, and Clinical Translation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic and functional analysis of fibroid extracellular vesicles.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Associated miRNAs in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Therapies, and Links to Neurodegeneration.Cancers · 2026Review
- miR-181d coordinates homologous recombination and anti-tumor immune responses in glioblastoma.iScience · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Non-Surgical Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Exosome-like Nanovesicles fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Liquid biopsy using circulating miRNAs for the identification of recurrence-associated biomarkers in glioblastoma CNS WHO grade 4.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Quantification of EV-associated miRNA in liquid biopsies for biomarker signature development.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Extracellular RNAs as Messengers and Early Biomarkers in Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The relationship of human tissue MicroRNAs with those from cerebrospinal fluid, tear, sweat, semen, and saliva.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicle-derived miR21 of non-tumoral origin as early diagnostic marker of glioma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Feedforward miR-181d degradation modulates population variance of methyl-guanine methyl transferase and temozolomide resistance.Cell reports · 2025Article
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma cells secrete extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs (miRNAs). Analysis of these EV miRNAs in the bio-fluids of afflicted patients represents a potential platform for biomarker development. However, the analytic algorithm for quantitative assessment of EV miRNA remains under-developed. Here, we demonstrate that the reference transcripts commonly used for quantitative PCR (including GAPDH, 18S rRNA, and hsa-miR-103) were unreliable for assessing EV miRNA. In this context, we quantitated EV miRNA in absolute terms and normalized this value to the input EV number. Using this method, we examined the abundance of miR-21, a highly over-expressed miRNA in glioblastomas, in EVs. In a panel of glioblastoma cell lines, the cellular levels of miR-21 correlated with EV miR-21 levels (p<0.05), suggesting that glioblastoma cells actively secrete EVs containing miR-21. Consistent with this hypothesis, the CSF EV miR-21 levels of glioblastoma patients (n=13) were, on average, ten-fold higher than levels in EVs isolated from the CSF of non-oncologic patients (n=13, p<0.001). Notably, none of the glioblastoma CSF harbored EV miR-21 level below 0.25 copies per EV in this cohort. Using this cut-off value, we were able to prospectively distinguish CSF derived from glioblastoma and non-oncologic patients in an independent cohort of twenty-nine patients (Sensitivity=87%; Specificity=93%; AUC=0.91, p<0.01). Our results suggest that CSF EV miRNA analysis of miR-21 may serve as a platform for glioblastoma biomarker development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.