Trial reportInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2013
Tear cytokine profile as a noninvasive biomarker of inflammation for ocular surface diseases: standard operating procedures.
Trial report in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dry Eye Disease and Tear Cytokine Levels-A Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Association between lid margin collarettes and dry eye disease severity in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study.Eye (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Longitudinal Analysis of Tear Cytokine Ratios in Association with Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.Current eye research · 2025Trial
- In Vivo and Impression Cytology Study on the Effect of Compatible Solutes Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface Epithelial Cell Quality in Dry Eye Patients.Mediators of inflammation · 2015Trial
- Aqueous humor biomarkers in ocular oncology: Insights and advances.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and Eicosanoids on Dry Eye Symptoms and Signs.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- A latent profile analysis of tear cytokines and their association with severity of dry eye disease in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Association of Tear Cytokine Ratios with Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease: Biomarker Data from the Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study.Current eye research · 2024Article
- Association of Tear Cytokine Concentrations with Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease: Baseline Data from the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.Current eye research · 2023Article
- Tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: Progress in the last decade.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- Pre-analytical sample handling effects on tear fluid protein levels.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Genetic evidence implicating circulating lipids and lipid drug targets in pterygium.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2023Article
- The role of sphingolipids in meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular surface inflammation.The ocular surface · 2022Review
- Analysis of Cytokine Levels in Meibum and Clinical Correlations with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Disease markers · 2022Article
- Tear protein analysis in patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction treated with lacrimal passage intubation.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Ocular Surface Changes Associated with Ophthalmic Surgery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Tear Film Cytokine Profile of Patients With the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1: Comparing Patients With and Without Glaucoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and the Eye: A Relationship for a Possible Prognostic Tool in COVID-19 Patients.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- Recent Progress in Intelligent Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring and Wound Healing Based on Biofluids.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo provide standard operating procedures (SOPs) for measuring tear inflammatory cytokine concentrations and to validate the resulting profile as a minimally invasive objective metric and biomarker of ocular surface inflammation for use in multicenter clinical trials on dry eye disease (DED).
methodsStandard operating procedures were established and then validated with cytokine standards, quality controls, and masked tear samples collected from local and distant clinical sites. The concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines in tears were quantified using a high-sensitivity human cytokine multiplex kit.
resultsA panel of inflammatory cytokines was initially investigated, from which four key inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, and TNF-α) were chosen. Results with cytokine standards statistically satisfied the manufacturer's quality control criteria. Results with pooled tear samples were highly reproducible and reliable with tear volumes ranging from 4 to 10 μL. Incorporation of the SOPs into clinical trials was subsequently validated. Tear samples were collected at a distant clinical site, stored, and shipped to our Biomarker Laboratory, where a masked analysis of the four tear cytokines was successfully performed. Tear samples were also collected from a feasibility study on DED. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations were decreased in tears of subjects who received anti-inflammatory treatment.
conclusionsStandard operating procedures for human tear cytokine assessment suitable for multicenter clinical trials were established. Tear cytokine profiling using these SOPs may provide objective metrics useful for diagnosing, classifying, and analyzing treatment efficacy in inflammatory conditions of the ocular surface, which may further elucidate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ocular surface disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.