Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2014
Testosterone and progesterone, but not estradiol, stimulate muscle protein synthesis in postmenopausal women.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00805207 (Sex Steroids, Sleep, and Metabolic Dysfunction in Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sex Steroids, Sleep, and Metabolic Dysfunction in Women
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-related anabolic resistance and post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis: integrative evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- Muscle strength changes and physical activity during gender-affirming hormone therapy: A systematic review.Andrology · 2026Pooled it
- Menstrual cycle hormones and oral contraceptives: a multimethod systems physiology-based review of their impact on key aspects of female physiology.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Pooled it
- Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates Do not Differ With Low and High Estradiol Concentrations Across the Menstrual Cycle.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Trial
- Molecular Regulators of Muscle Mass and Mitochondrial Remodeling Are Not Influenced by Testosterone Administration in Young Women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Trial
- No independent or combined effects of vitamin D and conjugated linoleic acids on muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- High-Protein Intake during Weight Loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-Loss-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women.Cell reports · 2016Trial
- Effect of dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation on the muscle transcriptome in older adults.Physiological reports · 2016Trial
- Systemic delivery of estradiol, but not testosterone or progesterone, alters very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride kinetics in postmenopausal women.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2014Trial
- Article
- Treating age-related loss of muscle mass and function: Where should we be focusing?The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Serial sarcomere adaptation to eccentric overload training is blunted in ovariectomized rats.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Menopause, Female Sex Hormones, Skeletal Muscle Mass and Muscle Protein Turnover in Humans.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Review
- Estrogen and Progesterone Exhibit Distinct Yet Coordinated Roles in the Regulation of Tendon Extracellular Matrix Remodeling.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2026Article
- Muscular Performance Is Not Significantly Altered Throughout Phases of the Menstrual Cycle or a Hormonal Contraceptive Cycle in Collegiate Softball Players.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Estrogen and progesterone exhibit distinct yet coordinated roles in the regulation of tendon extracellular matrix remodeling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Observational
- Sex-Based Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Strength Training Performance and Body Composition.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Restoring Skeletal Muscle Health through Exercise in Breast Cancer Patients and after Receiving Chemotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextThe effect of the female sex steroids, estradiol and progesterone, on muscle protein turnover is unclear. Therefore, it is unknown whether the changes in the hormonal milieu throughout the life span in women contribute to the changes in muscle protein turnover and muscle mass (eg, age associated muscle loss).
objectiveThe objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of sex hormones on muscle protein synthesis and gene expression of growth-regulatory factors [ie, myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FST), and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)]. SUBJECTS AND
designWe measured the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis and the expression of muscle growth-regulatory genes in 12 premenopausal women and four groups of postmenopausal women (n=24 total) who were studied before and after treatment with T, estradiol, or progesterone or no intervention (control group). All women were healthy, and pre- and postmenopausal women were carefully matched on body mass, body composition, and insulin sensitivity.
resultsThe muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was approximately 20% faster, and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (all P<.05) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, both T and progesterone treatment increased the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate by approximately 50% (both P<.01), whereas it was not affected by estradiol treatment and was unchanged in the control group. Progesterone treatment increased MYOD1 mRNA expression (P<.05) but had no effect on MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression. T and estradiol treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle MYOD1, MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression.
conclusionMuscle protein turnover is faster in older, postmenopausal women compared with younger, premenopausal women, but these age-related differences do not appear to be explained by the age- and menopause-related changes in the plasma sex hormone milieu.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.