ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2013
Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 410 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Self-management of Postnatal Anti-hypertensive Treatment: a Trial Development Pilot Study
Using Precision Medicine for the Prediction and Prevention of Early Pre-eclampsia: A Feasibility Study at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre.
Cardiovascular Changes in the Infants of Mothers With Preeclampsia and Factors Associated With Neonatal Outcomes
Who cites it
410 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 949 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential impacts of pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic hypertension on maternal and foetal health outcomes: a systematic review of outcomes and risk factors.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Pooled it
- Calcium supplementation commenced before pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prenatal, Birth, and Postnatal Factors Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Pooled it
- Long-term cardiovascular outcome in women with preeclampsia in Korea: a large population-based cohort study and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- A meta-analysis on first-trimester blood count parameters-is the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio a potentially novel method for first-trimester preeclampsia screening?Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- The relationship between cadmium exposure and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The Association Between Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and the Risk of Developing Chronic Hypertension.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pravastatin in preeclampsia: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Norepinephrine versus colloid for preventing spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension and its impact on intracranial pressure in preeclamptic parturients: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Trial
- Preterm preeclampsia screening and prevention: a comprehensive approach to implementation in a real-world setting.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Trial
- The Influence of Maternal Aerobic Exercise, Blood DHA and EPA Concentrations on Maternal Lipid Profiles.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Vitamin D deficiency during late pregnancy mediates placenta-associated complications.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- The relative importance of neighborhood environment features in explaining preeclampsia risk using machine learning.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Association between diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia with severe features and adverse perinatal outcomes.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2026Article
- Hyperadhesive von Willebrand Factor Contributes to Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Article
- Association between residential greenness and preeclampsia in Japan.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Contributions of preeclampsia to preterm delivery: a hypothetical interventional cohort study using incremental propensity scores.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
350 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the contributions of biological aging, historical trends, and birth cohort effects on trends in pre-eclampsia in the United States.
designPopulation based retrospective study.
settingNational hospital discharge survey datasets, 1980-2010, United States.
participants120 million women admitted to hospital for delivery.
main outcome measuresTemporal changes in rates of mild and severe pre-eclampsia in relation to maternal age, year of delivery, and birth cohorts. Poisson regression as well as multilevel age-period-cohort models with adjustment for obesity and smoking were incorporated.
resultsThe rate of pre-eclampsia was 3.4%. The age-period-cohort analysis showed a strong age effect, with women at the extremes of maternal age having the greatest risk of pre-eclampsia. In comparison with women delivering in 1980, those delivering in 2003 were at 6.7-fold (95% confidence interval 5.6-fold to 8.0-fold) increased risk of severe pre-eclampsia. Period effects declined after 2003. Trends for severe pre-eclampsia also showed a modest birth cohort effect, with women born in the 1970s at increased risk. Compared with women born in 1955, the risk ratio for women born in 1970 was 1.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.3). Similar patterns were also evident for mild pre-eclampsia, although attenuated. Changes in the population prevalence of obesity and smoking were associated with period and cohort trends in pre-eclampsia but did not explain the trends.
conclusionsRates of severe pre-eclampsia have been increasing in the United States and age-period-cohort effects all contribute to these trends. Although smoking and obesity have driven these trends, changes in the diagnostic criteria may have also contributed to the age-period-cohort effects. Health consequences of rising obesity rates in the United States underscore that efforts to reduce obesity may be beneficial to maternal and perinatal health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.