ArticleBMC psychiatry2013
The development and validation of the Questionnaire on Anticipated Discrimination (QUAD).
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03390491 (OnTrack>An Online Role-Playing Game for Young People With First Episode Psychosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
OnTrack>An Online Role-Playing Game for Young People With First Episode Psychosis
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- The quality of mental health literacy measurement tools evaluating the stigma of mental illness: a systematic review.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2018Pooled it
- Predictors of engagement with peer support: analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial of one-to-one peer support for discharge from inpatient psychiatric care.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Mental health problem recognition and stigma among emerging adults: Findings from the Voices for Well-Being Study (Project VOW).Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Social inclusion of people with severe mental illness: a review of current practices, evidence and unmet needs, and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- The intersection of substance use stigma and anti-Black racial stigma: A scoping review.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Mental health stigma and its relationship with mental health professionals - A narrative review and practice implications.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2024Review
- Study protocol for measuring stigmatization in persistent tic disorders: development and validation of the Tourette discrimination-stigmatization scale.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Discrimination reported by people with schizophrenia: cross-national variations in relation to the Human Development Index.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Article
- Structural Competency in Health Care.The Nursing clinics of North America · 2022Review
- Improving work and employment opportunities for women with psychosocial disabilities: an action research protocol.The Pan African medical journal · 2021Article
- Mental health service users' responses to anticipated discrimination and the Time to Change program in England.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2020Article
- Stigma and Discrimination (SAD) at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Peer support for discharge from inpatient to community mental health services: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT Compliant).Medicine · 2020Article
- How to Measure Knowledge About Mental Disorders? Validation of the Italian Version of the MAKS.Community mental health journal · 2019Article
- Key lessons learned from the INDIGO global network on mental health related stigma and discrimination.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2019Article
- Conceptualizing and Measuring Mental Illness Stigma: The Mental Illness Stigma Framework and Critical Review of Measures.Stigma and health · 2018Article
- Mental illness stigma and suicidality: the role of public and individual stigma.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2018Article
- Conceptualizing Culturally Infused Engagement and Its Measurement for Ethnic Minority and Immigrant Children and Families.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2017Review
- Article
- Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: a scoping review.BMC psychiatry · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe anticipation of mental health-related discrimination is common amongst people with mental health problems and can have serious adverse effects. This study aimed to develop and validate a measure assessing the extent to which people with mental health problems anticipate that they will personally experience discrimination across a range of contexts.
methodsThe items and format for the Questionnaire on Anticipated Discrimination (QUAD) were developed from previous versions of the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC), focus groups and cognitive debriefing interviews which were used to further refine the content and format. The resulting provisional version of the QUAD was completed by 117 service users in an online survey and reliability, validity, precision and acceptability were assessed. A final version of the scale was agreed and analyses re-run using the online survey data and data from an independent sample to report the psychometric properties of the finalised scale.
resultsThe provisional version of the QUAD had 17 items, good internal consistency (alpha = 0.86) and adequate convergent validity as supported by the significant positive correlations with the Stigma Scale (SS) (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) and the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Three items were removed due to low endorsements, high inter-correlation or conceptual concerns. The finalised 14 item QUAD had good internal consistency (alpha = 0.86), good test re-test reliability (ρ(c) = 0.81) and adequate convergent validity: correlations with the ISMI (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) and with the SS (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). Reading ease scores indicated good acceptability for general adult populations. Cross-replication in an independent sample further indicated good internal consistency (alpha = 0.88), adequate convergent validity and revealed two factors summarised by institutions/services and interpersonal/professional relationships.
conclusionsThe QUAD expanded upon previous versions of the DISC. It is a reliable, valid and acceptable measure which can be used to identify key life areas in which people may personally anticipate discrimination, and an overall tendency to anticipate discrimination. It may also be useful in planning interventions aimed at reducing the stigma of mental illness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.