ArticleISRN pediatrics2013
Primary Immunodeficiency May Be Misdiagnosed as Cow's Milk Allergy: Seven Cases Referred to a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital.
Article in ISRN pediatrics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia: Case Series and Literature Review From King Fahad Central Hospital, Jizan, Saudi Arabia.The American journal of case reports · 2025Review
- Allergic manifestations in inborn errors of immunity: a systematic scoping review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Allergic manifestations of inborn errors of immunity and their impact on the diagnosis: A worldwide study.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2022Article
- Cow's milk allergy non-responsive to amino acid-based formula? A successful transplanted patient with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome.Clinical case reports · 2021Article
- Case Report: A Case of X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia With High Serum IgE Levels and Allergic Rhinitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Primary immunodeficiencies associated with eosinophilia.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction. The presence of eczema and gastrointestinal manifestations are often observed in cow's milk allergy (CMA) and also in some primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). Objective. To describe 7 patients referred to a tertiary allergy/immunology Center with a proposed diagnosis of CMA, who were ultimately diagnosed with PID. Methods. This was a retrospective study based on clinical and laboratory data from medical records. Results. Seven patients (6 males) aged between 3 mo and 6 y were referred to our clinic with a proposed diagnosis of CMA. They presented with eczema and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. Five were receiving replacement formula. All patients presented with other clinical features, including severe/recurrent infections unrelated to CMA, and two of them had a positive family history of PID. Laboratory tests showed immune system dysfunctions in all patients. Hyper-IgE and Wiskott-Aldrich syndromes, CD40L deficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, and chronic granulomatous disease were diagnosed in these children. In conclusion, allergic diseases and immunodeficiency are a result of a different spectrum of abnormalities in the immune system and may be misdiagnosed. Educational programs on PID among clinical physicians and pediatricians can reduce the occurrence of this misdiagnosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.