ArticlePloS one2013
Streptococcus pneumoniae invades erythrocytes and utilizes them to evade human innate immunity.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advancements in understanding tumor-resident bacteria and their application in cancer therapy.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Identifying genetic variations ineLife · 2025Article
- Comparative pangenomics ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Intratumoral microbiota: synergistic reshaping of lung cancer microenvironment via inflammation and immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Intratumoral microbiota: an emerging force in diagnosing and treating hepatocellular carcinoma.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- The Intratumoral Bacterial Metataxonomic Signature of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Bacterial DNA Detection in the Blood of Healthy Subjects.Iranian biomedical journal · 2022Article
- Article
- Lipid rafts and pathogens: the art of deception and exploitation.Journal of lipid research · 2020Review
- Evaluation of decontamination methods of oral biofilms formed on screw-shaped, rough and machined surface implants: an ex vivo study.International journal of implant dentistry · 2020Article
- The influence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria on the interaction of opportunistic microorganisms with erythrocytes.Folia microbiologica · 2020Article
- Identification of evolutionarily conserved virulence factor by selective pressure analysis ofCommunications biology · 2019Article
- The Healthy Human Blood Microbiome: Fact or Fiction?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Review
- Review
- No effects without causes: the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes hypothesis for chronic, inflammatory diseases.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2018Review
- From Immunologically Archaic to Neoteric Glycovaccines.Vaccines · 2017Review
- Streptococcus pneumoniae disrupts pulmonary immune defence via elastase release following pneumolysin-dependent neutrophil lysis.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Evolutionary inactivation of a sialidase in group B Streptococcus.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Hijacking and Use of Host Lipids by Intracellular Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum · 2015Review
- The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a major cause of invasive infection-related diseases such as pneumonia and sepsis. In blood, erythrocytes are considered to be an important factor for bacterial growth, as they contain abundant nutrients. However, the relationship between S. pneumoniae and erythrocytes remains unclear. We analyzed interactions between S. pneumoniae and erythrocytes, and found that iron ion present in human erythrocytes supported the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, another major Gram-positive sepsis pathogen, while it partially inhibited pneumococcal growth by generating free radicals. S. pneumoniae cells incubated with human erythrocytes or blood were subjected to scanning electron and confocal fluorescence microscopic analyses, which showed that the bacterial cells adhered to and invaded human erythrocytes. In addition, S. pneumoniae cells were found associated with human erythrocytes in cultures of blood from patients with an invasive pneumococcal infection. Erythrocyte invasion assays indicated that LPXTG motif-containing pneumococcal proteins, erythrocyte lipid rafts, and erythrocyte actin remodeling are all involved in the invasion mechanism. In a neutrophil killing assay, the viability of S. pneumoniae co-incubated with erythrocytes was higher than that without erythrocytes. Also, H2O2 killing of S. pneumoniae was nearly completely ineffective in the presence of erythrocytes. These results indicate that even when S. pneumoniae organisms are partially killed by iron ion-induced free radicals, they can still invade erythrocytes. Furthermore, in the presence of erythrocytes, S. pneumoniae can more effectively evade antibiotics, neutrophil phagocytosis, and H2O2 killing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.