ReviewVirulence2014
Gender differences in sepsis: cardiovascular and immunological aspects.
Review in Virulence, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04815811 (Study of the Sex Differences in Inflammatory Diseases in Children), which is not on this map. Cited by 198 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Study of the Sex Differences in Inflammatory Diseases in Children
Who cites it
198 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Female Sex and Mortality in Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Sex as a prognostic factor for mortality in critically ill adults with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Analysis of the pulmonary microbiome in ARDS patients using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a retrospective observational study.Journal of intensive care · 2026Article
- Role of DLL4 in Neutrophil Aging and Impaired Clearance in Sepsis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Special Issue "Alcohol and Inflammation".International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Research progress on neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis‑induced coagulopathy (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Trajectories of sepsis survivors in Australia: A scoping review.Journal of the Intensive Care Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Sepsis in the Emergency Department: Different Faces, Same Fate? A Sex-Based Prognostic Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Mitigating sepsis-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction through Niban phosphorylation.Vascular medicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Trends in sepsis-related mortality due to dermatologic infections in the United States: Demographic and geographic patterns from 1999 to 2023.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- Sex and age differences of inflammatory biomarkers around a bloodstream infection: a population-based cohort study.Infection · 2026Article
- Optimization of Preclinical Rodent Research Models of Human Shock: Part One Intra-Abdominal Sepsis.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026Review
- The relationship between urinary tract infections and sepsis: results from Mendelian randomization and MIMIC data study.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Trends and disparities in disseminated intravascular coagulation-related mortality among adults aged 25 and above in the U.S., 1999-2020: CDC WONDER insights.Thrombosis journal · 2026Article
- Mind the "CRP gender gap"! sex differences in CRP evolution over time in neonatal sepsis: a monocentric retrospective cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Article
- Causal effects of serum testosterone on septic shock mortality: a Mendelian randomization study.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Article
- A mouse model of sepsis-associated DIC induced by Kappa-carrageenan and Lipopolysaccharides: Establishment and characteristics.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Development of Free Testosterone Chemiluminescence Detection Kit and Its Clinical Application.Journal of analytical methods in chemistry · 2026Article
138 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
During sepsis, a complex network of cytokine, immune, and endothelial cell interactions occur and disturbances in the microcirculation cause organ dysfunction or even failure leading to high mortality in those patients. In this respect, numerous experimental and clinical studies indicate sex-specific differences in infectious diseases and sepsis. Female gender has been demonstrated to be protective under such conditions, whereas male gender may be deleterious due to a diminished cell-mediated immune response and cardiovascular functions. Male sex hormones, i.e., androgens, have been shown to be suppressive on cell-mediated immune responses. In contrast, female sex hormones exhibit protective effects which may contribute to the natural advantages of females under septic conditions. Thus, the hormonal status has to be considered when treating septic patients. Therefore, potential therapies could be derived from this knowledge. In this respect, administration of female sex hormones (estrogens and their precursors) may exert beneficial effects. Alternatively, blockade of male sex hormone receptors could result in maintained immune responses under adverse circulatory conditions. Finally, administration of agents that influence enzymes synthesizing female sex hormones which attenuate the levels of pro-inflammatory agents might exert salutary effects in septic patients. Prospective patient studies are required for transferring those important experimental findings into the clinical arena.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.