Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24192000›Full record

ArticleDiseases of aquatic organisms2013

Paramecium caudatum enhances transmission and infectivity of Mycobacterium marinum and M. chelonae in zebrafish Danio rerio.

Tracy S Peterson, Jayde A Ferguson, Virginia G Watral, K Nadine Mutoji, Don G Ennis, Michael L Kent

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Diseases of aquatic organisms, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
2.9field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Review
  3. Assessment of various standard fish diets on gut microbiome of platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2024
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Comparison of Antemortem and Environmental Samples for Zebrafish Health Monitoring and Quarantine.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2017
    Article
  15. Development of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Postmortem Detection ofJournal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2017
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Tracy S PetersonDepartment of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
Jayde A Ferguson
Virginia G Watral
K Nadine Mutoji
Don G Ennis
Michael L Kent
Oregon State University · USAlaska Department of Fish and Game · USThe University of Texas at San Antonio · USUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette · US

Funding

Reducing Susceptibility to Environmental Stress Throughout the Life SpanP30ES000210 · NIEHS · OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY · PI BECKMAN, JOSEPH S · 1985 to 2015
$21.4M
Control of Diseases in Zebrafish Research FacilitiesR24RR017386 · NCRR · OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY · PI KENT, MICHAEL LAWRENCE · 2003 to 2011
$1.8M
Veterinary Training in Aquatic Animal ModelsT32RR023917 · NCRR · OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY · PI TANGUAY, ROBYN L · 2009 to 2011
$461k
NCRR NIH HHS R24 RR017386NCRR NIH HHS R24 RR017886NCRR NIH HHS T32 RR023917NCRR NIH HHS T32RR023917NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES000210
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mycobacterial infections in laboratory zebrafish Danio rerio are common and widespread in research colonies. Mycobacteria within free-living amoebae have been shown to be transmission vectors for mycobacteriosis. Paramecium caudatum are commonly used as a first food for zebrafish, and we investigated this ciliate's potential to serve as a vector of Mycobacterium marinum and M. chelonae. The ability of live P. caudatum to transmit these mycobacteria to larval, juvenile and adult zebrafish was evaluated. Infections were defined by histologic observation of granulomas containing acid-fast bacteria in extraintestinal locations. In both experiments, fish fed paramecia containing mycobacteria became infected at a higher incidence than controls. Larvae (exposed at 4 d post hatch) fed paramecia with M. marinum exhibited an incidence of 30% (24/80) and juveniles (exposed at 21 d post hatch) showed 31% incidence (14/45). Adult fish fed a gelatin food matrix containing mycobacteria within paramecia or mycobacteria alone for 2 wk resulted in infections when examined 8 wk after exposure as follows: M. marinum OSU 214 47% (21/45), M. marinum CH 47% (9/19), and M. chelonae 38% (5/13). In contrast, fish feed mycobacteria alone in this diet did not become infected, except for 2 fish (5%) in the M. marinum OSU 214 low-dose group. These results demonstrate that P. caudatum can act as a vector for mycobacteria. This provides a useful animal model for evaluation of natural mycobacterial infections and demonstrates the possibility of mycobacterial transmission in zebrafish facilities via contaminated paramecia cultures.

Indexed as

Mycobacterium chelonaeMycobacterium marinumParamecium caudatumAgingAnimalsCiliophora InfectionsFish DiseasesLarvaMycobacterium InfectionsRefrigerationZebrafish

Identifiers

PMID24192000
PMCPMC4155924
OpenAlexW2078502022

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.