ArticleTissue engineering. Part C, Methods2014
Design and fabrication of human skin by three-dimensional bioprinting.
Article in Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 210 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
210 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Building on a Solid Foundation: Adding Relevance and Reproducibility to Neurological Modeling Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- An integrated design strategy for structurally stable full-thickness human skin models with regulatory-qualified barrier assessment.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- A Roadmap to Perfused Skin: Defining the Next Generation of Research Questions in Cutaneous Tissue Engineering.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bioprinting Organs-Science or Fiction?-A Review From Students to Students.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Acoustic Bioprinting: A Glimpse Into an Emerging Field.Small methods · 2026Review
- 3D organotypic skin models recapitulate autoantibody-driven pemphigus pathomechanisms and targeted therapeutic response.Science advances · 2026Article
- Revolutionizing transdermal drug delivery evaluation: the evolution from traditional models to skin organoids and the integration of artificial intelligence.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- 3D bioprinting of cell-laden constructs: technologies, bioink design, and biomedical applications.Biomedical materials (Bristol, England) · 2025Review
- Skin-on-chip: Quo vadis?APL bioengineering · 2025Review
- 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering: Printing Techniques, Biomaterials, Challenges, and the Emerging Role of 4D Bioprinting.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Head and Neck 3D Bioprinting-A Review on Recent Advancements in Soft Tissue 3D Bioprinting and Medical Applications.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Integrating melt electrowriting (MEW) PCL scaffolds with fibroblast-laden hydrogel toward vascularized skin tissue engineering.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Advancements in 3D skin bioprinting: processes, bioinks, applications and sensor integration.International journal of extreme manufacturing · 2025Review
- Understanding the cellular dynamics, engineering perspectives and translation prospects in bioprinting epithelial tissues.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- 3D-Bioprinted Skin Tissues for Improving Wound Healing: Current Status and Perspective.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- 3D Bioprinting for Engineered Tissue Constructs and Patient-Specific Models: Current Progress and Prospects in Clinical Applications.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2024Review
- Advances in xenogeneic donor decellularized organs: A review on studies with sheep and porcine-derived heart valves.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Review
- The Impact of Temperature and the Duration of Freezing on a Hydrogel Used for a 3D-Bioprinted In Vitro Skin Model.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Clinical and preclinical approach in AGA treatment: a review of current and new therapies in the regenerative field.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Review
- Advances and challenges in organ-on-chip technology: toward mimicking human physiology and disease in vitro.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2024Review
150 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, a flexible automated on-demand platform for the free-form fabrication of complex living architectures, is a novel approach for the design and engineering of human organs and tissues. Here, we demonstrate the potential of 3D bioprinting for tissue engineering using human skin as a prototypical example. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were used as constituent cells to represent the epidermis and dermis, and collagen was used to represent the dermal matrix of the skin. Preliminary studies were conducted to optimize printing parameters for maximum cell viability as well as for the optimization of cell densities in the epidermis and dermis to mimic physiologically relevant attributes of human skin. Printed 3D constructs were cultured in submerged media conditions followed by exposure of the epidermal layer to the air-liquid interface to promote maturation and stratification. Histology and immunofluorescence characterization demonstrated that 3D printed skin tissue was morphologically and biologically representative of in vivo human skin tissue. In comparison with traditional methods for skin engineering, 3D bioprinting offers several advantages in terms of shape- and form retention, flexibility, reproducibility, and high culture throughput. It has a broad range of applications in transdermal and topical formulation discovery, dermal toxicity studies, and in designing autologous grafts for wound healing. The proof-of-concept studies presented here can be further extended for enhancing the complexity of the skin model via the incorporation of secondary and adnexal structures or the inclusion of diseased cells to serve as a model for studying the pathophysiology of skin diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.