ArticleGlobal heart2013
The Rancho Bernardo Study: 40 years studying why women have less heart disease than men and how diabetes modifies women's usual cardiac protection.
Article in Global heart, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Risk of all-cause and CHD mortality in women versus men with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of endocrinology · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on cardiovascular biomarkers in sedentary females: a randomized controlled trial.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Serum metabolic signatures of cognitive resilience in a longitudinal aging cohort.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cardiac ventricular Kir6.1 ATP-sensitive potassium channels: an overlooked effector of cardioprotection.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Impact of sex and menopausal hormonal therapy on cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes or prediabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Modifiable Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Differ by Sex and APOE4.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Astrocytes in aging.Neuron · 2025Review
- Impact of Gender on Chronic Complications in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2024Article
- Multimorbidity, Social Engagement, and Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Older Adults from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
- Pulse pressure trajectories predict brain microstructure in community-dwelling older adults: Associations with executive function and modification by APOE.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Dual impairments in visual and hearing acuity and age-related cognitive decline in older adults from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging.Age and ageing · 2021Article
- Age and Sex Differences in the Associations of Pulse Pressure With White Matter and Subcortical Microstructure.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021Article
- Associations between age and brain microstructure in older community-dwelling men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.Neurobiology of aging · 2020Article
- Hypertension and Age-Related Cognitive Impairment: Common Risk Factors and a Role for Precision Aging.Current hypertension reports · 2020Review
- Cardiovascular Disease in Women Across the Lifespan: The Importance of Sleep.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2020Article
- Elizabeth Barrett-Connor (1935-2019): an appreciation.Cardiovascular endocrinology & metabolism · 2019Article
- Physical Activity and Trajectories of Cognitive Change in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2019Article
- Use of Spontaneous Reporting Systems to Detect Host-Medication Interactions: Sex Differences in Oral Anti-Diabetic Drug-Associated Myocardial Infarction.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Forty years ago, few cohort studies of cardiovascular disease (CVD) included women and fewer still included diabetes or glycemia as a risk factor. I describe here the Rancho Bernardo Study (RBS), a single-site, >40-year cohort study of sex differences in heart disease and how diabetes modifies women's natural cardioprotection. More than 6000 participants were followed for morbidity and mortality, with nearly 3000 survivors (and death certificates for >85% of decedents). In RBS more than half of diabetes was undiagnosed without an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); more women than men had isolated post-challenge hyperglycemia (IPH) as their only glucose evidence of diabetes; men had more diabetes than women, with higher fasting but lower post-challenge glucose levels than women; women with diabetes had more classical CVD risk factors than men; excess risk-factor clustering partially explained how diabetes eradicates female cardioprotection. Post-challenge glucose was a stronger CVD risk factor than fasting glucose. Endogenous insulin was not an independent CVD risk factor in women or men. Men with higher testosterone levels developed less diabetes and had fewer metabolic syndrome components. In men higher total testosterone levels predicted a reduced risk of all-cause and CVD but not cancer mortality. In women both extremes of bioavailable testosterone predicted fatal coronary heart disease but not all-cause mortality. Summary point estimates from large systematic reviews of individual data have replicated most RBS findings. Ongoing research can further clarify how diabetes modifies women's cardioprotection from mid-life to old age.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.