Observational studyDiabetes care2014
Clinical and genetic determinants of progression of type 2 diabetes: a DIRECT study.
Observational study in Diabetes care, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02838693 (Assessing Progression to Type-2 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessing Progression to Type-2 Diabetes (APT-2D): A Prospective Cohort Study Expanded From BRITE-SPOT (Bio-bank and Registry for StratIfication and Targeted intErventions in the Spectrum Of Type 2 Diabetes)
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictors of Initial and Sustained Glycemic and Weight Response to Tirzepatide: A Post Hoc Analysis of SURPASS-4.Diabetes · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Human Islet miR-199a-5p and miR-214-3p Associate With Donor Age, BMI, and Sex and Mediate Cellular Aging in Islet-Derived Cells.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Early identification of suboptimal responders to metformin in type 2 diabetes using long-term real-world HbA1c trajectories.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Common genetic variants modify disease risk and clinical presentation in monogenic diabetes.Nature metabolism · 2025Article
- Article
- A polygenic risk score derived from common variants of monogenic diabetes genes is associated with young-onset type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-kidney complications.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Ethnic differences in the manifestation of early-onset type 2 diabetes.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Trajectories of clinical characteristics, complications and treatment choices in data-driven subgroups of type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Impact of the trans-ancestry polygenic risk score on type 2 diabetes risk, onset age and progression among population in Taiwan.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- An omics-based machine learning approach to predict diabetes progression: a RHAPSODY study.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Young-Onset Diabetes in East Asians: From Epidemiology to Precision Medicine.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- Multi-omics subgroups associated with glycaemic deterioration in type 2 diabetes: an IMI-RHAPSODY Study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Type 2 diabetes progression in an adult Ugandan population with new-onset diabetes: an observational prospective study.BMC primary care · 2023Observational
- Overall Efficacy and Safety of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Luseogliflozin Versus Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitors: Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized-Controlled Trial (J-SELECT study).Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- Identification of biomarkers for glycaemic deterioration in type 2 diabetes.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Causal relationship between circulating immune cells and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Precision Medicine in Diabetes.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2023Article
- The impact of birthweight on subsequent phenotype of type 2 diabetes in later life.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2022Article
- Associations of the HOMA2-%B and HOMA2-IR with progression to diabetes and glycaemic deterioration in young and middle-aged Chinese.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo identify the clinical and genetic factors that explain why the rate of diabetes progression is highly variable between individuals following diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe studied 5,250 patients with type 2 diabetes using comprehensive electronic medical records in Tayside, Scotland, from 1992 onward. We investigated the association of clinical, biochemical, and genetic factors with the risk of progression of type 2 diabetes from diagnosis to the requirement of insulin treatment (defined as insulin treatment or HbA1c ≥8.5% [69 mmol/mol] treated with two or more noninsulin therapies).
resultsRisk of progression was associated with both low and high BMI. In an analysis stratified by BMI and HbA1c at diagnosis, faster progression was independently associated with younger age at diagnosis, higher log triacylglyceride (TG) concentrations (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28 per mmol/L [95% CI 1.15-1.42]) and lower HDL concentrations (HR 0.70 per mmol/L [95% CI 0.55-0.87]). A high Genetic Risk Score derived from 61 diabetes risk variants was associated with a younger age at diagnosis and a younger age when starting insulin but was not associated with the progression rate from diabetes to the requirement of insulin treatment.
conclusionsIncreased TG and low HDL levels are independently associated with increased rate of progression of diabetes. The genetic factors that predispose to diabetes are different from those that cause rapid progression of diabetes, suggesting a difference in biological process that needs further investigation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.