ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2014
Maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk lead: lactational transfer and contribution to infant exposure.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Multigenerational Model of Environmental Risk for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) Children and Families.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Infant Feeding Practices and Metal Concentrations in Children's Blood.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium Concentrations in Blood Products Transfused to Neonates: Elimination Not Just Mitigation.Toxics · 2023Article
- First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Patterns of Children's Blood Lead Screening and Blood Lead Levels in North Carolina, 2011-2018-Who Is Tested, Who Is Missed?Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Contribution of household drinking water intake to arsenic and lead exposure among Uruguayan schoolchildren.Chemosphere · 2022Article
- Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk from Industrial/Mining and Agricultural Zones of Southeastern Spain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Breast milk to blood lead ratios among women from the West Bank of Palestine: a cross-sectional study of associated factors.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
- Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity.Toxics · 2021Review
- Maternal Δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 1-2 genotype enhances fetal lead exposure and increases the susceptibility to the development of cerebral palsy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Element Levels and Predictors of Exposure in the Hair of Ethiopian Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Use and Blood Lead Levels in a Cohort of Young Women.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Article
- Probabilistic estimates of prenatal lead exposure at 195 toxic hotspots in low- and middle-income countries.Environmental research · 2020Article
- Prenatal Lead Exposure, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican Children at Age 10-18 Years.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
- Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age, 1976-2016.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Article
- Neuropathological lesions in the brains of goats in North-Western Nigeria: possible impact of artisanal mining.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Article
- In utero and peripubertal metals exposure in relation to reproductive hormones and sexual maturation and progression among girls in Mexico City.Environmental research · 2019Article
- Article
- Assessment of the LeadCare® Plus for Use on Scandinavian Brown BearsFrontiers in veterinary science · 2019Article
- Lead: a hidden "untested" risk in neonatal blood transfusion.Pediatric research · 2019Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundHuman milk is a potential source of lead exposure. Yet lactational transfer of lead from maternal blood into breast milk and its contribution to infant lead burden remains poorly understood.
objectivesWe explored the dose-response relationships between maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk to better understand lactational transfer of lead from blood and plasma into milk and, ultimately, to the breastfeeding infant.
methodsWe measured lead in 81 maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk samples at 1 month postpartum and in 60 infant blood samples at 3 months of age. Milk-to-plasma (M/P) lead ratios were calculated. Multivariate linear, piecewise, and generalized additive models were used to examine dose-response relationships between blood, plasma, and milk lead levels.
resultsMaternal lead levels (mean±SD) were as follows: blood: 7.7±4.0 μg/dL; plasma: 0.1±0.1 μg/L; milk: 0.8±0.7 μg/L. The average M/P lead ratio was 7.7 (range, 0.6-39.8) with 97% of the ratios being >1. The dose-response relationship between plasma lead and M/P ratio was nonlinear (empirical distribution function=6.5, p=0.0006) with the M/P ratio decreasing by 16.6 and 0.6 per 0.1 μg/L of plasma lead, respectively, below and above 0.1 μg/L plasma lead. Infant blood lead level (3.4±2.2 μg/dL) increased by 1.8 μg/dL per 1 μg/L milk lead (p<0.0001, R2=0.3).
conclusionsThe M/P ratio for lead in humans is substantially higher than previously reported, and transfer of lead from plasma to milk may be higher at lower levels of plasma lead. Breast milk is an important determinant of lead burden among breastfeeding infants.
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