Trial reportThe Journal of infectious diseases2014
Distinct T-cell responses when BCG vaccination is delayed from birth to 6 weeks of age in Ugandan infants.
Trial report in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on malaria and Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine challenges in sub-Saharan African clinical trials.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Newborn MVA85A Vaccination and Selective, Delayed Bacille Calmette-Guerin for Infants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers: A Phase 2 Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination at birth and in vitro cytokine responses to non-specific stimulation. A randomized clinical trial.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2018Trial
- Trial
- The TRIM-cancer paradox: BCG as a programmable vaccine platform and a mechanistic probe for rational immunotherapy design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- BCG vaccination: historical role, modern applications, and future perspectives in tuberculosis and beyond.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Response to Mycobacterial Antigens among Children and Adults with Tuberculosis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Interpreting the Results of Trials of BCG Vaccination for Protection Against COVID-19.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Immune Responses Following BCG Immunization of Infants in Uganda and United Kingdom Are Similar for Purified Protein Derivative but Differ for Secretory Proteins ofFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Exploiting Pre-Existing CD4Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Coverage and Timeliness of Birth Dose Vaccination in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Observational
- Polyfunctional CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Minimal Sex-Differential Modulation of Reactivity to Pathogens and Toll-Like Receptor Ligands following Infant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Russia Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- What Have We Learnt about BCG Vaccination in the Last 20 Years?Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Factors influencing innate immunity and vaccine responses in infancy.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Review
- Study of the BCG Vaccine-Induced Cellular Immune Response in Schoolchildren in Antananarivo, Madagascar.PloS one · 2015Article
- Article
- Factors affecting immunogenicity of BCG in infants, a study in Malawi, The Gambia and the UK.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn Uganda, the tuberculosis vaccine BCG is administered on the first day of life. Infants delivered at home receive BCG vaccine at their first healthcare facility visit at 6 weeks of age. Our aim was to determine the effect of this delay in BCG vaccination on the induced immune response.
methodsWe assessed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses with a 12-hour whole-blood intracellular cytokine/cytotoxic marker assay, and with a 6-day proliferation assay.
resultsWe enrolled 92 infants: 50 had received BCG vaccine at birth and 42 at 6 weeks of age. Birth vaccination was associated with (1) greater induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing either interferon γ (IFN-γ) alone or IFN-γ together with perforin and (2) induction of proliferating cells that had greater capacity to produce IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 2 together, compared with delayed vaccination.
conclusionsDistinct patterns of T-cell induction occurred when BCG vaccine was given at birth and at 6 weeks of age. We propose that this diversity might impact protection against tuberculosis. Our results differ from those of studies of delayed BCG vaccination in South Africa and the Gambia, suggesting that geographical and population heterogeneity may affect the BCG vaccine-induced T-cell response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.