ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2014
Area deprivation, individual socioeconomic status and low vision in the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alabama Screening and Intervention for Glaucoma and Eye Health Through Telemedicine (AL-SIGHT): The Impact of Financial Incentives on Health Care Engagement Following Telemedicine-Based Vision Screening.Current eye research · 2025Article
- Associations between certification of visual impairment and socioeconomic deprivation: a study using data from the regional Northern Ireland sight impairment certification database.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Association Between Visual Acuity and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Test of Mediators.Global heart · 2025Article
- A descriptive epidemiological study of the prevalence of self-reported sensory difficulties by age group, sex, education, disability, and migration status in Sweden in 2020.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Exercise to Prevent Accelerated Vascular Aging in People Living With HIV.Circulation research · 2024Review
- The BLV App Arcade: a new curated repository and evaluation rubric for mobile applications supporting blindness and low vision.Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology · 2024Article
- Do Socioeconomic Inequalities Exist Within Ophthalmology and Orthoptics in the UK?: A Scoping Review.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2024Article
- Social Risk Factor Associations With Presenting Visual Acuity in Patients With Microbial Keratitis.JAMA ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Association Between Social Determinants of Health and Examination-Based Vision Loss vs Self-reported Vision Measures.JAMA ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Prevalence of pediatric eye disease in the optumlabs data warehouse.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2022Article
- The Impact of COVID-19 and Pandemic Mitigation Measures on Persons With Sensory Impairment.American journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Health-related quality of life among adult patients with visual impairments in Yazd, Iran.Journal of education and health promotion · 2022Article
- Vision impairment and differential access to eye health services in Aotearoa New Zealand: protocol for a scoping review.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Self-reported visual difficulties in Europe and related factors: a European population-based cross-sectional survey.Acta ophthalmologica · 2021Article
- Article
- Incidence, individual, and macro level risk factors of severe binocular visual impairment and blindness in persons aged 50 and older.PloS one · 2021Observational
- Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Review
- United Kingdom Diabetic Retinopathy Electronic Medical Record (UK DR EMR) Users Group: report 4, real-world data on the impact of deprivation on the presentation of diabetic eye disease at hospital services.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Geographical inequalities in uptake of NHS funded eye examinations: Poisson modelling of small-area data for Essex, UK.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2018Article
- Health Inequalities Associated with Post-Stroke Visual Impairment in the United Kingdom and Ireland: A Systematic Review.Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPoor vision is associated with lower socioeconomic status, but less is known about its relationship to area deprivation.
methodsThe European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study Norfolk Eye Study was a cross-sectional study of 8563 participants with completed eye examinations. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity (VA) was measured using standard protocols and low vision (LV) was defined as Snellen equivalent (VA) ≤6/12 in the better eye. Uncorrected refractive error (URE) was defined as improvement of VA by 2 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution lines with pinhole. The lowest 5% of index of multiple deprivation rank was used to define the most deprived areas. The index of multiple deprivation is a composite measure using routine data from seven domains of deprivation to identify the most disadvantaged areas in England. Logistic regression was used to examine univariable and multivariable associations with LV.
resultsNinety-six participants with missing data were excluded, leaving 8467 for analysis (98.9%). The mean age of the study group was 68.7 years (SD=8.1, range=48-92), with 55.1% women. LV was present in 263 participants (3.1%, 95% CI 2.7 to 3.5%). LV was associated with deprivation after adjusting for age, sex, education, social class and cataract surgery (OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6, p=0.03), but this effect was mitigated by additionally adjusting for URE (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.4, p=0.09).
conclusionsPeople with LV are more likely to live in the most deprived areas; this association was independent of socioeconomic status and partly mediated by URE. Targeting URE in deprived areas may reduce health inequalities associated with LV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.