ArticleThe European respiratory journal2014
Predictors of dyspnoea prevalence: results from the BOLD study.
Article in The European respiratory journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03468205 (The Relating Experienced To Recalled Breathlessness Observational Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Relating Experienced To Recalled Breathlessness Observational Study
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of dyspnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The association of spirometric small airways obstruction with respiratory symptoms, cardiometabolic diseases, and quality of life: results from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study.Respiratory research · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of the trajectory of exertional breathlessness on symptom recall and anticipation: A randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2020Trial
- Breathlessness and incidence of COPD, cardiac events and all-cause mortality: A 44-year follow-up from middle age throughout life.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Using hyperpolarised xenon magnetic resonance imaging to explore breathlessness in long COVID: results from the EXPLAIN study.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- The use of spirometry to define airflow obstruction and diagnose COPD.The European respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Long-term chest CT abnormalities up to 4.5 years after COVID-19 hospitalization and their association with dyspnea and fatigue: a prospective cohort study.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Ethnic differences in healthcare utilisation and diagnosis after first presentation with breathlessness: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care records.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Global disparities in chronic dyspnoea prevalence in population-based studies: a comprehensive literature review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Risk of Cancer After a Hospital Contact for Dyspnea: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Guidelines for the Initial Assessment of Respiratory Distress in the Emergency Department.Annals of intensive care · 2026Article
- Association of birth weight with lung function and the mediating role of gut microbiota: A STROBE 2-step Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2025Article
- Unexplained breathlessness: Integrating pathophysiological insights with clinical evaluation.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Dyspnea Management in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department at Cantonal Hospital Baselland-A Retrospective Observational Study and Medical Audit.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The Prevalence and Severity of Dyspnea in Young Saudi Female Adults: A Cross-sectional Study.The open respiratory medicine journal · 2025Article
- Sex-differences in the multidimensional evaluation of dyspnea in respiratory outpatients.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Obstructive airway disorders affecting individuals with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A database review.PloS one · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Diaphragmatic Function: Understanding Multiorgan Involvement and Long-Term Consequences.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Dyspnea (breathlessness) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease: prevalence, progression, severity, and correlates.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration · 2024Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dyspnoea is a cardinal symptom for cardiorespiratory diseases. No study has assessed worldwide variation in dyspnoea prevalence or predictors of dyspnoea. We used cross-sectional data from population-based samples in 15 countries of the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study to estimate prevalence of dyspnoea in the full sample, as well as in an a priori defined low-risk group (few risk factors or dyspnoea-associated diseases). Dyspnoea was defined by the modified Medical Research Council questions. We used ordered logistic regression analysis to study the association of dyspnoea with site, sex, age, education, smoking habits, low/high body mass index, self-reported disease and spirometry results. Of the 9484 participants, 27% reported any dyspnoea. In the low-risk subsample (n=4329), 16% reported some dyspnoea. In multivariate analyses, all covariates were correlated to dyspnoea, but only 13% of dyspnoea variation was explained. Females reported more dyspnoea than males (odds ratio ∼2.1). When forced vital capacity fell below 60% of predicted, dyspnoea was much more likely. There was considerable geographical variation in dyspnoea, even when we adjusted for known risk factors and spirometry results. We were only able to explain 13% of dyspnoea variation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.