ArticleBMJ open2013
The increased risks of death and extra lengths of hospital and ICU stay from hospital-acquired bloodstream infections: a case-control study.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic literature review.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2018Pooled it
- Seven-Day vs Four-Day Infusion Set Replacement Interval and Catheter-Related Infections.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of an Environmental Cleaning Bundle for Reducing Healthcare-associated Infections.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Researching effective approaches to cleaning in hospitals: protocol of the REACH study, a multi-site stepped-wedge randomised trial.Implementation science : IS · 2016Trial
- An interpretable machine-learning model for post-admission reassessment of bloodstream infection risk in ICU patients with pneumonia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Acute kidney injury and length of ICU stay in diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Mortality and length of stay associated with antimicrobial-susceptible and -resistant hospital-onset bloodstream infections at a tertiary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Predictors of lethal outcome in patients with immunoinflammatory diseases hospitalized in the intensive care unit.World journal of critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Postoperative Surveillance in the Postoperative vs. Intensive Care Unit for Patients Undergoing Elective Supratentorial Brain Tumor Removal: A Retrospective Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Salvage pulmonary embolectomy following cardiac arrest: a 10-year experience.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax in coronavirus disease-2019: Description of a case series and a matched cohort study.Heliyon · 2024Article
- To scan or not to scan? A retrospective cohort study analysing the efficacy of routine post-operative CT after brain biopsy.Acta neurochirurgica · 2024Article
- Risk factors for bloodstream infection among patients admitted to an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital of Shanghai, China.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Determinants of bacterial survival and proliferation in blood.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- The burden of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Microbiological Assessment of the FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel: Potential Impact in Critically Ill Patients.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Impact of intensified prevention measures on rates of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in medical-surgical intensive care units, Israel, 2011 to 2019.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesHospital-acquired bloodstream infections are known to increase the risk of death and prolong hospital stay, but precise estimates of these two important outcomes from well-designed studies are rare, particularly for non-intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We aimed to calculate accurate estimates, which are vital for estimating the economic costs of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections.
designCase-control study.
setting9 Australian public hospitals.
participantsAll the patients were admitted between 2005 and 2010. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of death and extra length of hospital stay associated with nosocomial infection.
resultsThe greatest increase in the risk of death was for a bloodstream infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HR=4.6, 95% CI 2.7 to 7.6). This infection also had the longest extra length of stay to discharge in a standard bed (12.8 days, 95% CI 6.2 to 26.1 days). All the eight bloodstream infections increased the length of stay in the ICU, with longer stays for the patients who eventually died (mean increase 0.7-6.0 days) compared with those who were discharged (mean increase: 0.4-3.1 days). The three most common organisms associated with Gram-negative infection were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia.
conclusionsBloodstream infections are associated with an increased risk of death and longer hospital stay. Avoiding infections could save lives and free up valuable bed days.
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