ArticleAddictive behaviors2014
Relapse among cigarette smokers: the CARDIA longitudinal study - 1985-2011.
Article in Addictive behaviors, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Can We Predict Who Will Experience Adverse Events While Using Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy? A Secondary Analysis of the EAGLES Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Gender differences in responses to cues presented in the natural environment of cigarette smokers.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Trial
- Article
- Machine Learning of Smoking Relapse: the Role of Racial Differences and E-Cigarette Vaping Characteristics on Former Smokers.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- SimSmoke simulation models distinguished by race/ethnicity: past and future trends and the potential role of policy.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2025Article
- Cigarette and ENDS dual use longitudinal transitions among adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, Waves 4-5 (2016-2019).Addictive behaviors reports · 2024Article
- Regional and social disparities in cessation behavior and motivation to quit among U.S. adult current smokers, Tobacco Use Supplement to the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey 2014-15 and 2018-19.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Menthol Cigarette Use, Smoking Cessation, and Relapse: Findings From Waves 1 to 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Effects of Respiratory Disorders on Smoking Cessation and Re-Initiation in an Italian Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Correlates of tobacco product reuptake and relapse among youth and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-3 (2013-2016).Tobacco control · 2020Article
- Longitudinal pathways of exclusive and polytobacco cigarette use among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1-3 (2013-2016).Tobacco control · 2020Article
- Childhood/Adolescent Smoking and Adult Smoking and Cessation: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Factors associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a cohort analysis of the German subset of EuroAspire IV survey.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2020Article
- Occupational health professionals' attitudes, knowledge, and motivation concerning smoking cessation-Cross-sectional survey.Journal of occupational health · 2020Article
- Nicotine in thirdhand smoke residue predicts relapse from smoking cessation: A pilot study.Addictive behaviors · 2019Article
- Mental health disorders and alcohol use are associated with increased likelihood of smoking relapse among people living with HIV attending routine clinical care.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Longitudinal Associations of Cigarette Prices With Smoking Cessation: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Vaping as an alternative to smoking relapse following brief lapse.Drug and alcohol review · 2019Article
- Do predictors of smoking relapse change as a function of duration of abstinence? Findings from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2018Article
- The unique contribution of e-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction in supporting smoking relapse prevention.Harm reduction journal · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleThere is little information about long-term relapse patterns for cigarette smokers.
objectiveTo describe long-term prevalence of relapse and related smoking patterns by sex, race, age, and education level among a community-based cohort of young adults followed for 25 years.
methodsWe examined 25 years of data from Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), an ongoing study of a community-based cohort of 5115 men and women aged 18 to 30 years at baseline with periodic re-examinations. At each examination smoking, quitting, and relapse were queried. We examined prevalence of smoking relapse among 3603 participants who attended at least 6 of the 8 examinations.
resultsAbout 53% of 3603 participants never reported smoking on a regular basis. Among the remaining 1682 ever smokers, 52.8% of those who reported current smoking at baseline were still smoking by the end of the study, compared to 10.7% of those who initiated smoking by year 5. Among those classified as former smokers at baseline, 39% relapsed at least once; of these, 69.5% had quit again by the end of the study. Maximum education level attained, age at study baseline, and race were associated with failure to quit smoking by the end of the study and relapse among those who did quit. Maximum education level attained and age at study baseline were also associated with ability to successfully quit after a relapse.
conclusionsSmoking relapse after quitting is common, especially in those with lower education level. Education was the strongest predictor of all three outcomes. Improvements in access to treatment and treatment options, especially for underserved populations, are needed to prevent relapse when smokers quit.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.