ReviewJournal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews2013
Understanding the gender disparity in bladder cancer risk: the impact of sex hormones and liver on bladder susceptibility to carcinogens.
Review in Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of hormones and reproductive factors on the risk of bladder cancer in women: results from the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II.International journal of epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- Global, regional, and national burdens of bladder cancer in individuals aged 60 years and older from 1990 to 2021: a cross-sectional study.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Effect of co-occurring mutations inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tumor Potential of 4-Maleimidylphenyl-Hydrazide Derivatives.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Growth Hormone Signaling in Bladder Cancer: Transcriptomic Profiling of Patient Samples and In Vitro Evidence of Therapy Resistance via ABC Transporters and EMT Activation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Evaluating Cost-Effective Strategies for Asymptomatic Microhematuria Diagnosis: A Risk-Based Alternative to the American Urological Association Guidelines.Journal of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- Age-sex-specific burden of urological cancers attributable to risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2021, and forecasts with scenarios simulation: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Tolerability and efficacy of induction Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Oncologic outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and lymph node dissection with partial cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Translational andrology and urology · 2024Article
- Microbiome Sex-Related Diversity in Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Trends in genitourinary cancer mortality in the United States: analysis of the CDC-WONDER database 1999-2020.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Characterizing ADRs of Enfortumab vedotin and Erdafitinib in bladder cancer treatment: a descriptive analysis from WHO-VigiAccess.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Bladder cancer: therapeutic challenges and role of 3D cell culture systems in the screening of novel cancer therapeutics.Cancer cell international · 2023Review
- Gender-Affirming Surgery and Cancer: Considerations for Radiation Oncologists for Pelvic Radiation in Transfeminine Patients.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2023Review
- Molecular Markers for Bladder Cancer Screening: An Insight into Bladder Cancer and FDA-Approved Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cancer status in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: types; incidence; mortality; sex, age, and geography distribution; and possible causes.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Sex hormones influence survival of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma undergoing immune checkpoint therapy.Biology of sex differences · 2023Article
- Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
It has long been known that bladder cancer (BC) incidence is approximately four-fold higher in men than in women in the United States, and a similar disparity also exists in other countries. The reason for this phenomenon is not known, which impedes progress in BC prevention. However, BC incidence is also significantly higher in male animals than in their female counterparts after treatment with aromatic amines, which are principal human bladder carcinogens. These animal studies and related studies in the context of available human data provide significant insight into what may drive the excessive BC risk in men, which is the focus of this article. The carcinogenicity and biotransformation of bladder carcinogens as well as the impact of sex hormones on these processes are discussed, highlighting the novel concept that the gender disparity in BC risk may result primarily from the interplay of androgen, estrogen, and liver, with the liver functioning via its metabolic enzymes as the main decider of bladder exposure to carcinogens in the urine and the male and female hormones exerting opposing effects on carcinogenesis in the bladder and likely also on liver enzymes handling bladder carcinogens. The findings may facilitate further investigation into the mechanism of gender disparity in BC risk and may also have important implications for BC prevention.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.