ArticleJournal of dental research2014
Barrier formation: potential molecular mechanism of enamel fluorosis.
Article in Journal of dental research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of fluoride and lead on enamel composition during the maturation stage of amelogenesis in rat mandibular third molars.Calcified tissue international · 2026Review
- Developmental vulnerability to fluoride toxicity: enamel and clearance differences in adolescent versus mature mice.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Dental fluorosis in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): A review of the pathological changes in the enamel of fluorotic cheek teeth and the abnormal pattern of dental wear in affected dentitions.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Review
- In situ Synthesis of Amorphous Fluorinated Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles via a Dual-Component Hydrogel for Biomimetic Tooth Remineralization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Developmental enamel defects: a must-know for orthodontic practice.Dental press journal of orthodontics · 2025Review
- TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling Is Required to Alleviate Fluoride-Induced Enamel Hypomineralization.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- NaFrontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Dental fluorosis severity in children 8-12 years old and associated factors.Acta odontologica latinoamericana : AOL · 2021Article
- Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 prevents the inflow of fluoride to ameleoblasts through regulation of voltage-gated chloride channels 5 and 7.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Article
- Dental Fluorosis: the Risk of Misdiagnosis-a Review.Biological trace element research · 2021Review
- Calcium Transport in Specialized Dental Epithelia and Its Modulation by Fluoride.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Fluoride exposure alters CaScience signaling · 2020Article
- Awareness of the Benefits and Risks Related to Using Fluoridated Toothpaste Among Doctors: A Population-Based Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2019Article
- Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: a pilot study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2019Article
- How pH is regulated during amelogenesis in dental fluorosis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2018Review
- Importance of bicarbonate transport in pH control during amelogenesis - need for functional studies.Oral diseases · 2018Review
- Defense Mechanisms Against Acid Exposure by Dental Enamel Formation, Saliva and Pancreatic Juice Production.Current pharmaceutical design · 2018Review
- DENTAL ENAMEL FORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE.Physiological reviews · 2017Review
- The Role of Na:K:2Cl Cotransporter 1 (NKCC1/SLC12A2) in Dental Epithelium during Enamel Formation in Mice.Frontiers in physiology · 2017Article
- No Change in Bicarbonate Transport but Tight-Junction Formation Is Delayed by Fluoride in a Novel Ameloblast Model.Frontiers in physiology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Enamel fluorosis is an irreversible structural enamel defect following exposure to supraoptimal levels of fluoride during amelogenesis. We hypothesized that fluorosis is associated with excess release of protons during formation of hypermineralized lines in the mineralizing enamel matrix. We tested this concept by analyzing fluorotic enamel defects in wild-type mice and mice deficient in anion exchanger-2a,b (Ae2a,b), a transmembrane protein in maturation ameloblasts that exchanges extracellular Cl(-) for bicarbonate. Defects were more pronounced in fluorotic Ae2a,b (-/-) mice than in fluorotic heterozygous or wild-type mice. Phenotypes included a hypermineralized surface, extensive subsurface hypomineralization, and multiple hypermineralized lines in deeper enamel. Mineral content decreased in all fluoride-exposed and Ae2a,b(-/-) mice and was strongly correlated with Cl(-). Exposure of enamel surfaces underlying maturation-stage ameloblasts to pH indicator dyes suggested the presence of diffusion barriers in fluorotic enamel. These results support the concept that fluoride stimulates hypermineralization at the mineralization front. This causes increased release of protons, which ameloblasts respond to by secreting more bicarbonates at the expense of Cl(-) levels in enamel. The fluoride-induced hypermineralized lines may form barriers that impede diffusion of proteins and mineral ions into the subsurface layers, thereby delaying biomineralization and causing retention of enamel matrix proteins.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.