ArticleMolecular microbiology2014
Stable micron-scale holes are a general feature of canonical holins.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Therapeutic Potential of Phages in Multi-Drug Resistance Infections and Future Directions.Viruses · 2026Review
- Identification and analysis of the crucial holin domain and sites and the bactericidal activity of a holin-endolysin lysis cassette from phage PZL-Ah152 againstJournal of virology · 2026Article
- The Lysis cassette of jumbophage PhiKZ.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Identification and Characterization of Holin-like Protein ORF70 from Cyanophage MaMV-DC.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Phage N4 uses a SAR endolysin-holin system for host cell lysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The short cytoplasmic region of phage T4 holin is essential for the transition from impermeable membrane protein complexes to permeable pores.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Topological examination of the bacteriophage lambda S holin by EPR spectroscopy.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes · 2023Article
- Occurrence and potential mechanism of holin-mediated non-lytic protein translocation in bacteria.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2022Review
- Getting Outside the Cell: Versatile Holin Strategies Used by Distinct Phages to Leave Their Bacillus thuringiensis Host.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Functional Dissection of P1 Bacteriophage Holin-like Proteins Reveals the Biological Sense of P1 Lytic System Complexity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Characterization and Genomic Analysis of a Novel Jumbo Bacteriophage vB_StaM_SA1 InfectingFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Bacteriophage-encoded lethal membrane disruptors: Advances in understanding and potential applications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Functional Analysis of the Endopeptidase and Holin FromFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Pinholin SBiochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes · 2021Article
- The Molecular Basis forViruses · 2021Article
- Bursting out: linking changes in nanotopography and biomechanical properties of biofilm-forming Escherichia coli to the T4 lytic cycle.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
At a programmed time in phage infection cycles, canonical holins suddenly trigger to cause lethal damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the cessation of respiration and the non-specific release of pre-folded, fully active endolysins to the periplasm. For the paradigm holin S105 of lambda, triggering is correlated with the formation of micron-scale membrane holes, visible as interruptions in the bilayer in cryo-electron microscopic images and tomographic reconstructions. Here we report that the size distribution of the holes is stable for long periods after triggering. Moreover, early triggering caused by an early lysis allele of S105 formed approximately the same number of holes, but the lesions were significantly smaller. In contrast, early triggering prematurely induced by energy poisons resulted in many fewer visible holes, consistent with previous sizing studies. Importantly, the unrelated canonical holins P2 Y and T4 T were found to cause the formation of holes of approximately the same size and number as for lambda. In contrast, no such lesions were visible after triggering of the pinholin S(21) 68. These results generalize the hole formation phenomenon for canonical holins. A model is presented suggesting the unprecedentedly large size of these holes is related to the timing mechanism.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.