ArticleJournal of bacteriology2014
A moderate toxin, GraT, modulates growth rate and stress tolerance of Pseudomonas putida.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- The opposite effects of stringent response on phage infection ofmicroLife · 2026Article
- Antitoxin control of optimal transcriptional repression in the atypical HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system from Proteus vulgaris.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Antitoxin MqsA decreases antibiotic susceptibility through the global regulator AgtR inAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2023Article
- The role ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: Novel insights on toxin activation across populations and experimental shortcomings.Current research in microbial sciences · 2023Review
- Identification and characterization of VapBC toxin-antitoxin system inRNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- The DisorderedMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin systems acting through post-translational modifications.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2021Review
- Review
- Chromosomal toxin-antitoxin systems in Pseudomonas putida are rather selfish than beneficial.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The TonBJournal of bacteriology · 2019Article
- A dual role in regulation and toxicity for the disordered N-terminus of the toxin GraT.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Article
- Application of filamentous phages in environment: A tectonic shift in the science and practice of ecorestoration.Ecology and evolution · 2019Article
- The Putative De-Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Production, biophysical characterization and crystallization of Pseudomonas putida GraA and its complexes with GraT and the graTA operator.Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology communications · 2017Article
- Desperate times call for desperate measures: benefits and costs of toxin-antitoxin systems.Current genetics · 2017Review
- MqsR/MqsA Toxin/Antitoxin System Regulates Persistence and Biofilm Formation inFrontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Clinical Pathogens.Toxins · 2016Review
- Characterization of MazF-Mediated Sequence-Specific RNA Cleavage in Pseudomonas putida Using Massive Parallel Sequencing.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chromosomal toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread among free-living bacteria and are supposedly involved in stress tolerance. Here, we report the first TA system identified in the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida. The system, encoded by the loci PP1586-PP1585, is conserved in pseudomonads and belongs to the HigBA family. The new TA pair was named GraTA for the growth rate-affecting ability of GraT and the antidote activity of GraA. The GraTA system shares many features common to previously described type II TA systems. The overexpression of GraT is toxic to the antitoxin deletion mutants, since the toxin's neutralization is achieved by binding of the antitoxin. Also, the graTA operon structure and autoregulation by antitoxin resemble those of other TA loci. However, we were able to delete the antitoxin gene from the chromosome, which shows the unusually mild toxicity of innate GraT compared to previously described toxins. Furthermore, GraT is a temperature-dependent toxin, as its growth-regulating effect becomes more evident at lower temperatures. Besides affecting the growth rate, GraT also increases membrane permeability, resulting in higher sensitivity to some chemicals, e.g., NaCl and paraquat. Nevertheless, the active toxin helps the bacteria survive under different stressful conditions and increases their tolerance to several antibiotics, including streptomycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Therefore, our data suggest that GraT may represent a new class of mild chromosomal regulatory toxins that have evolved to be less harmful to their host bacterium. Their moderate toxicity might allow finer growth and metabolism regulation than is possible with strong growth-arresting or bactericidal toxins.
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