ArticleJournal of molecular neuroscience : MN2014
Regulation of hypoxia-induced inflammatory responses and M1-M2 phenotype switch of primary rat microglia by sex steroids.
Article in Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Disruption of Circadian NRF2 Expression and Its Impact on Pain Sensitivity in Diabetes Peripheral Neuropathy.Pain research & management · 2025Article
- Impact of microgravity on retinal neuroimmune responses and visual dysfunction in rats.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- A Hypoxia-Inflammation Cycle and Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Current treatment options in neurology · 2025Review
- Nicotine is an Immunosuppressant: Implications for Women's Health and Disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Review
- Induction of Neural Differentiation and Protection by a Novel Slow-Release Nanoparticle Estrogen Construct in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Glycometabolic Reprogramming of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Neuroinflammation.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Opposite and Differently Altered Postmortem Changes in H3 and H3K9me3 Patterns in the Rat Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus.Epigenomes · 2024Article
- Resveratrol Alleviates the Early Challenges of Implant-Based Drug Delivery in a Human Glial Cell Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Hypoxia and interleukin-1-primed mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as novel therapy for stroke.Human cell · 2024Review
- PPAR-γ promotes the polarization of rat retinal microglia to M2 phenotype by regulating the expression of CD200-CD200R1 under hypoxia.Molecular biology reports · 2023Article
- Increased spinal adenosine impairs phrenic long-term facilitation in aging rats.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Article
- The importance of translationally evaluating steroid hormone contributions to substance use.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2023Review
- Article
- Role of microglia in blood pressure and respiratory responses to acute hypoxic exposure in rats.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2022Article
- Estrogen-related Receptor α (ERRα) Functions in The Hypoxic Injury of Microglial Cells.Journal of veterinary research · 2022Article
- Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Review
- Erythropoietin Enhances Post-ischemic Migration and Phagocytosis and Alleviates the Activation of Inflammasomes in Human Microglial Cells.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Neonatal microglia and proteinase inhibitors-treated adult microglia improve traumatic brain injury in rats by resolving the neuroinflammation.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2022Article
- Alteration of miRNA Biogenesis Regulating Proteins in the Human Microglial Cell Line HMC-3 After Ischemic Stress.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- Nanoparticle-Based Estrogen Delivery to Spinal Cord Injury Site Reduces Local Parenchymal Destruction and Improves Functional Recovery.Journal of neurotrauma · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia cells are the primary mediators of the CNS immune defense system and crucial for the outcome of shaping inflammatory responses. They are highly dynamic, moving constantly, and become activated by neuronal signaling under pathological conditions. They fulfill a dual role by not only regulating local neuroinflammation but also conferring neuronal protection. Gonadal steroids are known to exert anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS. Recently, we have shown that the microglial-like cell line BV-2 is hypoxia-sensitive and regulated by gonadal steroids. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex-derived microglia to analyze whether this cell type directly perceive and respond to acute hypoxia. Second, we investigated whether 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) interfere with hypoxia-induced changes. Short-term hypoxia increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory (TNFa, IL1b) and oxidative stress-related (Hif1a) genes. The induction of TNFa and IL1b was counteracted by P. Hypoxia shifted the primary microglia to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. The administration of E2 and P favored the neuroprotective M2 phenotype. Our findings extend previous data obtained with BV-2 cells and show that the primary microglia directly perceive hypoxia which increase their inflammatory activity. Both steroid hormones directly and indirectly interact with the microglia cells by reducing the inflammatory scenario and stimulating neuroprotection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.