ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology2013
QT/RR curvatures in healthy subjects: sex differences and covariates.
Article in American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clinical applications of QT/RR hysteresis assessment: A systematic review.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Intra-subject covariates of QT variability indices: influence of ECG noise.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Development and Clinical Validation of a Cross-Sex Translator of ECG Drug Responses.JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-estimated electrocardiographic sex as a recurrence predictor after atrial fibrillation catheter ablation.European heart journal. Digital health · 2025Article
- The contribution of a short electrocardiographic diastolic interval to diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography improves the detection of coronary artery disease.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Male and female atria exhibit distinct acute electrophysiological responses to sex steroids.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2024Article
- Unlocking the potential of artificial intelligence in electrocardiogram biometrics: age-related changes, anomaly detection, and data authenticity in mobile health platforms.European heart journal. Digital health · 2024Article
- Deep Learning Algorithms for Estimation of Demographic and Anthropometric Features from Electrocardiograms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Accurate QT correction method from transfer entropy.Cardiovascular digital health journal · 2023Article
- Influence of heart rate correction formulas on QTc interval stability.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Sex and Rate Change Differences in QT/RR Hysteresis in Healthy Subjects.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG: a Modern Lens on an Old Technology.Current cardiology reports · 2020Review
- Physiologic heart rate dependency of the PQ interval and its sex differences.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Heart Rate Dependency and Inter-Lead Variability of the T Peak - T End Intervals.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Sex and race differences in J-Tend, J-Tpeak, and Tpeak-Tend intervals.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Heart Rate Correction of the J-to-Tpeak Interval.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Age and Sex Estimation Using Artificial Intelligence From Standard 12-Lead ECGs.Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology · 2019Article
- Implications of Individual QT/RR Profiles-Part 1: Inaccuracies and Problems of Population-Specific QT/Heart Rate Corrections.Drug safety · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Data of a large clinical study were used to investigate how much are the QT/RR patterns in healthy subjects curved and whether these curvatures differ between women and men. Daytime drug-free 12-lead Holter recordings were repeated 4 times in each of 176 female healthy subjects and 176 male healthy subjects aged 32.7 ± 9.1 yr. In each of the subjects, up to 1,440 carefully verified QT interval measurements were obtained with QT/RR hysteresis-corrected RR intervals. Individual subject data were used to fit the following regression equation: QT = χ + (δ/γ)(1 - RR(γ)) + ε, where QT and RR are QT and RR measurements (in s), χ is regression intercept, δ is the QT/RR slope, γ is the QT/RR curvature and provides the lowest regression residual, and ε represents normally distributed zero-centered errors. The bootstrap technique showed the intrasubject reproducibility of QT/RR slopes and curvatures. In women and men, QT/RR curvatures were 0.544 ± 0.661 and 0.797 ± 0.706, respectively (P = 0.0006). The corresponding QT/RR slopes were 0.158 ± 0.030 and 0.139 ± 0.023, respectively (P < 0.0001). QT/RR curvatures were related to QT/RR slopes but not to individually corrected mean QTc intervals or individual QT/RR hysteresis profiles. The individual heart rate correction formula derived from the curvilinear regression provided a significantly lower intrasubject variability of QTc interval than individual optimisation of linear or log-linear QT/RR heart rate corrections. The QT/RR curvature can be reliable measured and expressed numerically. The corresponding heart rate correction formula provides more compact data than the previously proposed approaches. There are substantial sex differences in QT/RR patterns. Women have a QT/RR pattern that is not only steeper than men but also more curved.
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Registered trials
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