ArticleJournal of neurology2014
Immune cell subtyping in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological diseases.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers in headaches as a potential solution to simplify differential diagnosis of primary headache disorders: a systematic review.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Natural killer cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2015Trial
- Paediatric cerebrospinal fluid immune profiling distinguishes paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis from other paediatric-onset acute neurological disorders.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Identification of predictors for bacterial meningitis diagnosis based on transcriptomics and genetic analysis.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Atlas of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immune Cells Across Neurological Diseases.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis and infection: history, EBV, and the search for mechanism.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid CD14Journal of neurovirology · 2023Article
- CD3Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023Article
- Friends or foes: The mononuclear phagocyte system in ischemic stroke.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment.Cell · 2022Article
- Basic principles of neuroimmunology.Seminars in immunopathology · 2022Review
- Article
- Role and Relevance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cells in Diagnostics and Research: State-of-the-Art and Underutilized Opportunities.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid CD4+ T cell infection in humans and macaques during acute HIV-1 and SHIV infection.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Next Generation Sequencing of Cerebrospinal Fluid B Cell Repertoires in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases-A Comprehensive Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Review
- Astrocyte-specific expression of interleukin 23 leads to an aggravated phenotype and enhanced inflammatory response with B cell accumulation in the EAE model.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2021Review
- Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 Feature T Cell Exhaustion and Dedifferentiated Monocytes in Cerebrospinal Fluid.Immunity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the assessment of CSF cell counts and proteins is an important method in the diagnostic workup of neurological diseases. As an addition to this standard approach, we here present data on the distribution of CSF immune cell subsets in common neurological diseases, and provide reference values along with cases of rare neurological diseases. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the CD4/CD8 ratio, B cells, plasmablasts, monocytes and NK cells in the CSF of 319 patients with inflammatory or non-inflammatory neurological diseases were analysed by seven-color flow cytometry. Diagnoses included headache, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, bacterial and viral meningitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, stroke, and CNS malignancies, among others. T cells were the predominant population in the CSF with CD4+ T cells being more prevalent than CD8+ T cells. Mostly in HIV patients, and under other conditions of immunosuppression, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly altered and the CD4/CD8 ratio reduced. B cells and plasmablasts could hardly be detected in non-inflammatory diseases but were consistently elevated in inflammatory diseases. Monocytes were reduced in neuroinflammation and showed a negative correlation with B cells. NK cells were slightly elevated in neuroinflammation. Both monocytes and NK cells were slightly elevated in CNS malignancies. The analysis of immune cell subsets in the CSF adds valuable information to clinicians and is a promising tool for the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases.
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Registered trials
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