ArticleScience translational medicine2013
Genetic and environmental determinants of human NK cell diversity revealed by mass cytometry.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 363 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B- Cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 1, 2009
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B- Cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 2, 2010
Who cites it
363 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- CD56-negative NK cells: Frequency in peripheral blood, expansion during HIV-1 infection, functional capacity, and KIR expression.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Intralipid therapy and adverse reproductive outcome: is there any evidence?Reproduction & fertility · 2021Pooled it
- The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 Promoter Polymorphisms in Perinatal Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating Natural Killer Cells in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Pooled it
- Partial body cryotherapy exposure drives acute redistribution of circulating lymphocytes: preliminary findings.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Natural killer cells against viral infection: from basic biology to immunotherapy.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Can natural killer cells cure leukemia?Leukemia · 2026Review
- Two-way tuning of the decidual natural killer cells and recurrent pregnancy loss.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrated Single-Cell Profiling Reveals Dichotomous NK Cell Populations Associated with Immunosuppression in Solid Tumors.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Latent cytomegalovirus disrupts innate NK cell responses to P. falciparum and impairs parasite control in first infection in adults.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- PTPN1/PTPN2 inhibition improves NK cancer therapy by enhancing IL-2 and mitigating TGFβ1 responses.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Phenotypically similar but functionally distinct NK cell populations within the human maternal-fetal interface.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Immune synapse molecules knockout in induced pluripotent stem cells enables broad NK cell resistance in T cell progeny.Regenerative therapy · 2026Article
- Natural killer cells in kidney immune surveillance, injury and fibrosis.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Effective allogeneic natural killer cell therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma avails conserved activating receptors and evades HLA I-driven inhibition.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- NK Cells Engineered with a Chimeric Antigen Receptor Delay HIV Rebound and Reshape HIV Reservoir Composition.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A new era in CAR-NK cell therapy: from technological innovations to clinical applications.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Review
- Targeting MHC-E as a new strategy for vaccines and immunotherapeutics.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
303 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in immune defense and reproduction, yet remain the most poorly understood major lymphocyte population. Because their activation is controlled by a variety of combinatorially expressed activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cell diversity and function are closely linked. To provide an unprecedented understanding of NK cell repertoire diversity, we used mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze 37 parameters, including 28 NK cell receptors, on peripheral blood NK cells from 5 sets of monozygotic twins and 12 unrelated donors of defined human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype. This analysis revealed a remarkable degree of NK cell diversity, with an estimated 6000 to 30,000 phenotypic populations within an individual and >100,000 phenotypes in the donor panel. Genetics largely determined inhibitory receptor expression, whereas activation receptor expression was heavily environmentally influenced. Therefore, NK cells may maintain self-tolerance through strictly regulated expression of inhibitory receptors while using adaptable expression patterns of activating and costimulatory receptors to respond to pathogens and tumors. These findings further suggest the possibility that discrete NK cell subpopulations could be harnessed for immunotherapeutic strategies in the settings of infection, reproduction, and transplantation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.