ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2013
The invasive chytrid fungus of amphibians paralyzes lymphocyte responses.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 195 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential Immune Responses Correlate With Chytridiomycosis Severity in Italian Crested Newts.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Immune evasion by a chytrid fungus includes inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis.Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Using fluorescent in vitro amphibian cell infection models to quantify pathogenicity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Methods (San Diego, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Genomic Correlates of Disease Recovery in Natural Populations of the Sierra Nevada Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana sierrae).Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms of amphibians and reptiles to multiple interacting environmental stressors: an integrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Investigating the potential neurotoxic effects of cell-free factors by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on locomotion in Xenopus laevis.Biology open · 2026Article
- Host and environmental factors drive prevalence of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Central African amphibians.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Primary regulatory T cell activator FOXP3 is present across Amphibia.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Reintroduction of resistant frogs facilitates landscape-scale recovery in the presence of a lethal fungal disease.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Dynamic effects of thermal acclimation on chytridiomycosis infection intensity and transmission potential inRoyal Society open science · 2024Article
- Article
- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis strain affects transcriptomic response in liver but not skin in latitudinal populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Binding, Infection, and Promoted Growth ofViruses · 2024Article
- The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2023Review
- Ontogeny of immunity and potential implications for co-infection.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- The amphibian immune system.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of exogenous elevation of corticosterone on immunity and the skin microbiome of eastern newts (Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Immune priming prior to pathogen exposure sheds light on the relationship between host, microbiome and pathogen in disease.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- When Defenses Fail: Atelopus zeteki Skin Secretions Increase Growth of the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Integrative and comparative biology · 2022Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, causes chytridiomycosis and is a major contributor to global amphibian declines. Although amphibians have robust immune defenses, clearance of this pathogen is impaired. Because inhibition of host immunity is a common survival strategy of pathogenic fungi, we hypothesized that B. dendrobatidis evades clearance by inhibiting immune functions. We found that B. dendrobatidis cells and supernatants impaired lymphocyte proliferation and induced apoptosis; however, fungal recognition and phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils was not impaired. Fungal inhibitory factors were resistant to heat, acid, and protease. Their production was absent in zoospores and reduced by nikkomycin Z, suggesting that they may be components of the cell wall. Evasion of host immunity may explain why this pathogen has devastated amphibian populations worldwide.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.