SynthesisSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2014
A systematic review of the effect of community treatment orders on service use.
Synthesis in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The benefits and harms of community treatment orders for people diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Compulsory community treatment to reduce readmission to hospital and increase engagement with community care in people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2018Pooled it
- Overview of post-discharge predictors for psychiatric re-hospitalisations: a systematic review of the literature.BMC psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- CTOs: what is the state of the evidence?Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2014Pooled it
- Community treatment orders and social outcomes for patients with psychosis: a 48-month follow-up study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2017Trial
- Real-world comprehensive care of people living with schizophrenia: recommendations across different settings and clinical stages.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Ensuring compulsory treatment is used as a last resort: a narrative review of the knowledge about Community Treatment Orders.Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2026Article
- How many psychiatric beds are needed-and for what?Der Nervenarzt · 2025Review
- Ten Years of Community Treatment Orders in Western Switzerland: an Update.Community mental health journal · 2025Article
- Community Treatment Orders in Australia in the Context of International Literature: A Narrative Review of Consumers, Families and Health Professionals' Perspectives.International journal of mental health nursing · 2025Review
- Compulsory treatment at home: an interview study exploring the experiences of an early group of patients, relatives and mental-health workers.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Article
- Protecting Health and Safety with Needed-Treatment: the Effectiveness of Outpatient Commitment.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2022Review
- Hospital Utilization Outcomes Following Assignment to Outpatient Commitment.Administration and policy in mental health · 2021Review
- Finding Common Ground for Diverging Policies for Persons with Severe Mental Illness.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2020Review
- Community Treatment Order Outcomes in Quebec: A Unique Jurisdiction.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2020Article
- Observational
- Different Patient Group Responses To Community Treatment Orders Suggest Alternative Approaches.Professional development (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
- Factors influencing use of community treatment orders and quality of care that people receive: results of a national survey in England and Wales.BJPsych bulletin · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe evidence regarding community treatment order effectiveness has been conflicting. This systematic review aims to bring up to date the review performed by Churchill and colleagues in 2005 by assessing and interpreting evidence of CTO effectiveness defined by admission rates, number of inpatient days, community service use, and medication adherence published since 2006.
methodDatabases were searched to obtain relevant studies published from January 2006 to March 2013.
results18 studies including one randomised controlled trial were included. There remains lack of evidence from randomised and non-randomised studies that CTOs are associated with or affected by admission rates, number of inpatient days or community service use. The most recent and largest RCT is included in this review and found no significant impact on admission rate (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.75-1.33) or number of days in hospital (IR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.65-1.26). Results from the two largest longitudinal datasets included in this review do not concur. Studies using the New York dataset found that CTOs were associated with reduced admission rates and inpatient days, while studies using the Victoria dataset generally found that they were associated with increased admission rates and inpatient days.
conclusionThere is now robust evidence in the literature that CTOs have no significant effects on hospitalisation and other service use outcomes. Non-randomised studies continue to report conflicting results. Distinguishing between CTO recall and revocation and different patterns of community contact is needed in future research to ensure differentiation between CTO process and outcome.
Indexed as
Identifiers
24136002What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.