ArticleBMC infectious diseases2013
Interrelationship of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus colonization within and between pneumococcal-vaccine naïve mother-child dyads.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the microbial landscape of the nasopharynx in children: a systematic review of studies using next generation sequencing.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Altered Tonsillar Microbiome in Children with Down Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Role of the upper airway microbiota in respiratory virus and bacterial pathobiont dynamics in the first year of life.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Phylogenetically under-dispersed gut microbiomes are not correlated with host genomic heterozygosity in a genetically diverse reptile community.Molecular ecology · 2023Article
- NasopharyngealAccess microbiology · 2023Article
- Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium species are associated with decreased risk of pneumococcal colonization during infancy.The ISME journal · 2022Article
- Factors associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage: A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-1-infected South African Children in the Era of Antiretroviral Treatment: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2021Article
- Resident bacteria contribute to opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Friend or Foe: Interbacterial Competition in the Nasal Cavity.Journal of bacteriology · 2021Review
- Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the carriage density ofHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Article
- Experimental EvolutionmSystems · 2020Article
- Indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure: impact on nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in mothers and infants in an African birth cohort study.ERJ open research · 2019Article
- Article
- Pneumococcal vaccine impacts on the population genomics of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae.Microbial genomics · 2018Article
- Article
- Nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants and changes during viral upper respiratory tract infection and acute otitis media.PloS one · 2017Article
- Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Disrupts the Microbial Community within the Upper Respiratory Tract of Aging Mice.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- High genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus strains colonising the nasopharynx of Gambian villagers before widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.BMC microbiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA high prevalence of bacterial nasopharyngeal co-infections has been reported in children, however, such data is limited in adults. We examined the interaction of Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae pharyngeal colonization in mother-child dyads.
methodsPneumococcal-vaccine naïve children and their mothers had pharyngeal swabs undertaken at 1.6, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 7.4, 9.5, 12.5, 16.2 and 24.2 months of child's age. Swabs were cultured for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus using standard microbiologic methods. Multivariate generalized estimating equation-models were used to explore the associations of the three bacteria within and between children and their mothers.
resultsIn children, the observed probability of co-colonization was higher than expected. Well-defined associations in colonization between the bacteria were observed in children but not among mothers. In children, a synergistic association was observed between S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.75, 95% CI: 1.32-2.32) and a negative association between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus (AOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.67) or H. influenzae and S. aureus (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.16-0.34) colonization. Additionally, all three bacteria had a higher likelihood of concurrent colonization. There was a strong association in colonization by the bacteria in children and their mothers, including increased likelihood of maternal colonization if the child was colonized by S. pneumoniae (AOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.28-2.63) and H. influenzae (AOR: 6.34, 95% CI: 2.24-18.0).
conclusionsThe effects of immunization of children with pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine in settings such as ours needs monitoring with regard to potential changes of pharyngeal bacterial ecology which could occur in vaccinated and -unvaccinated age-groups.
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