ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2013
A case-control study of maternal bathing habits and risk for birth defects in offspring.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impacts of High Environmental Temperatures on Congenital Anomalies: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal swimming pool exposure during pregnancy in relation to birth outcomes and cord blood DNA methylation among private well users.Environment international · 2019Article
- A population-based case-control study of the association between weather-related extreme heat events and orofacial clefts.Birth defects research · 2018Article
- Gastroschisis and Cumulative Stressor Exposures.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Article
- Drinking water disinfection byproducts and risk of orofacial clefts in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.Birth defects research · 2018Article
- Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects.Current environmental health reports · 2015Article
- Overview of Emerging Contaminants and Associated Human Health Effects.BioMed research international · 2015Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNearly all women shower or take baths during early pregnancy; however, bathing habits (i.e., shower and bath length and frequency) may be related to the risk of maternal hyperthermia and exposure to water disinfection byproducts, both of which are suspected to increase risk for multiple types of birth defects. Thus, we assessed the relationships between bathing habits during pregnancy and the risk for several nonsyndromic birth defects in offspring.
methodsData for cases with one of 13 types of birth defects and controls from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study delivered during 2000-2007 were evaluated. Logistic regression analyses were conducted separately for each type of birth defect.
resultsThere were few associations between shower frequency or bath frequency or length and risk for birth defects in offspring. The risk for gastroschisis in offspring was increased among women who reported showers lasting ≥15 compared to <15 minutes (adjusted odds ratio: 1.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.18-1.72). In addition, we observed modest increases in the risk for spina bifida, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and limb reduction defects in offspring of women who showered ≥15 compared to <15 minutes. The results of comparisons among more specific categories of shower length (i.e., <15 minutes versus 15-19, 20-29, and ≥ 30 minutes) were similar.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that shower length may be associated with gastroschisis, but the modest associations with other birth defects were not supported by analyses of bath length or bath or shower frequency. Given that showering for ≥15 minutes during pregnancy is very common, further evaluation of the relationship between maternal showering habits and birth defects in offspring is worthwhile.
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