Trial reportJournal of women's health (2002)2013
Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative.
Trial report in Journal of women's health (2002), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis.JAMA cardiology · 2019Pooled it
- Circulating Vitamin D and Overall Survival in Breast Cancer Patients: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.Integrative cancer therapies · 2018Pooled it
- Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Pooled it
- Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2016Pooled it
- A Randomized Trial of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2021Trial
- The severity of vasomotor symptoms and number of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women and select clinical health outcomes in the Women's Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D randomized clinical trial.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Trial
- Systematic screening using FRAXOsteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and height loss: findings from the Women's Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D clinical trial.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2016Trial
- Bone density in healthy men after cessation of calcium supplements: 20-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2015Trial
- Vitamin D and Fracture Healing.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Multilayer analysis of ethnically diverse blood and urine biomarkers for breast cancer risk and prognosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Minerals and Human Health: From Deficiency to Toxicity.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Associations of the Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) and the risk of Breast Cancer (BrCa): a case-control study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Micronutrient Status and Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Impact of Vitamin D and Its Dietary Supplementation in Breast Cancer Prevention: An Integrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Evaluating adherence, tolerability and safety of oral calcium citrate in elderly osteopenic subjects: a real-life non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2024Article
- The relationship between diet quality indices and odds of breast cancer in women: a case-control study.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Cardiovascular Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: A Narrative Review.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClinical outcomes of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) calcium plus vitamin D supplementation trial have been reported during 7.0 years of active intervention. We now report outcomes 4.9 years after the intervention stopped and cumulative findings.
methodsPostmenopausal women (N=36,282) were randomized; postintervention follow-up continued among 29,862 (86%) of surviving participants. Primary outcomes were hip fracture and colorectal cancer. Breast cancer, all cancers, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality were predetermined major study outcomes.
resultsHip fracture incidence was comparable in the supplement and the placebo groups, postintervention hazard ratio (HR)=0.95, 95% confidence interval (95% CI: 0.78, 1.15) and overall HR=0.91 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.05). Overall, colorectal cancer incidence did not differ between randomization groups, HR=0.95 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.13). Throughout, there also was no difference in invasive breast cancer, CVD, and all-cause mortality between groups. In subgroup analyses, the invasive breast cancer effect varied by baseline vitamin D intake (p=0.03 for interaction). Women with vitamin D intakes >600 IU/d, had an increased risk of invasive breast cancer, HR=1.28 (95% CI; 1.03, 1.60). Over the entire study period, in post hoc analyses, the incidence of vertebral fractures, HR=0.87 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.98) and in situ breast cancers, HR=0.82 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.99) were lower among women randomized to supplementation.
conclusionAfter an average of 11 years, calcium and vitamin D supplementation did not decrease hip fracture or colorectal cancer incidence. Exploratory analyses found lower vertebral fracture and in situ breast cancer incidence in the supplement users. There was no effect on CVD or all-cause mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.