ArticlePLoS pathogens2013
Structure of a bimodular botulinum neurotoxin complex provides insights into its oral toxicity.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection byScience advances · 2026Article
- From Gut to Systemic Circulation: Molecular Strategies of Botulinum Neurotoxin Complexes.Toxins · 2026Review
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of OBI-858 for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Glabellar Lines.Dermatology and therapy · 2025Article
- Gut mucin fucosylation dictates the entry of botulinum toxin complexes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Infant Botulism and Carbohydrate Blood Group Antigens: Preliminary Results from a Discordant Twin Study.Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- Gut mucin fucosylation dictates the entry of botulinum toxin complexes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A nut-and-bolt assembly of the bimodular large progenitor botulinum neurotoxin complex.Science advances · 2025Article
- Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70.Science advances · 2025Article
- Botulinum neurotoxins exploit host digestive proteases to boost their oral toxicity via activating OrfXs/P47.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
- Computational Immunogenetic Analysis of Botulinum Toxin A Immunogenicity and HLA Gene Haplotypes: New Insights.Toxins · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Architecture and Mechanistic Action.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Activity of botulinum neurotoxin X and its structure when shielded by a non-toxic non-hemagglutinin protein.Communications chemistry · 2024Article
- Review
- Complexing Protein-Free Botulinum Neurotoxin A Formulations: Implications of Excipients for Immunogenicity.Toxins · 2024Review
- NTNH protein: more than a bodyguard for botulinum neurotoxins.The FEBS journal · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2023Review
- Intrathecal Injection of Botulinum Toxin Type A has an Analgesic Effect in Male Rats CCI Model by Inhibiting the Activation of Spinal P2X4R.Neurochemical research · 2023Article
- Structural basis for botulinum neurotoxin E recognition of synaptic vesicle protein 2.Nature communications · 2023Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the fatal disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. BoNTs are released together with several auxiliary proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs) to become highly potent oral poisons. Here, we report the structure of a ∼760 kDa 14-subunit large PTC of serotype A (L-PTC/A) and reveal insight into its absorption mechanism. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and functional studies, we found that L-PTC/A consists of two structurally and functionally independent sub-complexes. A hetero-dimeric 290 kDa complex protects BoNT, while a hetero-dodecameric 470 kDa complex facilitates its absorption in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. BoNT absorption is mediated by nine glycan-binding sites on the dodecameric sub-complex that forms multivalent interactions with carbohydrate receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. We identified monosaccharides that blocked oral BoNT intoxication in mice, which suggests a new strategy for the development of preventive countermeasures for BoNTs based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.