ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2014
The development and maintenance of drug addiction.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 242 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
242 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Coordination of social behaviors by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.The European journal of neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Virtual Reality-Based Cue Exposure and Aversion Therapy for Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Addiction biology · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effects of the Fyn kinase inhibitor saracatinib on ventral striatal activity during performance of an fMRI monetary incentive delay task in individuals family history positive or negative for alcohol use disorder. A pilot randomised trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Parsing impulsivity in individuals with anxiety and depression who use Cannabis.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Effects of extended-release naltrexone on the brain response to drug-related stimuli in patients with opioid use disorder.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN · 2018Trial
- Memory-Focused Cognitive Therapy for Cocaine Use Disorder: Theory, Procedures and Preliminary Evidence From an External Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.EBioMedicine · 2018Trial
- Polysubstance use disorders among US adults.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Gaming disorder and compensation-based gaming motivations: A longitudinal study of emerging adults.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Article
- A prospective co-twin control analysis of internalizing and externalizing pathways for alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use problems from adolescence through adulthood.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Characterization of Neuronal Ensembles in a Model of Dual-Reward Conditioned Place Preference.eNeuro · 2026Article
- Chronic alcohol exposure parametric effects on anxiety- and pain-related behaviors in adult rats.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Mechanisms explaining links between early-episode alcohol craving and subsequent drinking during naturally occurring drinking episodes.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Delta Opioid Receptors within the Cortico-Thalamic Circuitry Underlie Hyperactivity Induced by High-Dose Morphine.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Impact of impaired endogenous neurosteroidogenesis on outcomes following chronic alcohol exposure.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Adolescent Insomnia Disorder - Problematic Internet Use Nexus: A Convergent Developmental Trajectory - Bridging Neuroimaging Biomarkers, Molecular Susceptibility, and Environmental-Neurocognitive Cascades.Psychology research and behavior management · 2026Review
- Dopamine system as a mediator between psychological symptoms and relapse tendency: a cross-sectional study in women undergoing compulsory rehabilitation in Zhengzhou, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Disentangling the effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and GABA release from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on ethanol self-administration in mice.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Brain-Behavior Relationships: Neural Mechanisms of Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology · 2025Review
182 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively linked to drug-induced euphoria, and negative reinforcement, subjectively linked to the alleviation of pain—both of which figure importantly in addiction theory; each of these forms has dominated addiction theory in its time. We agree that addiction begins with the formation of habits through positive reinforcement and that drug-opposite physiological responses often establish the conditions for negative reinforcement to come into play at a time when tolerance, in the form of increasing reward thresholds, appears to develop into positive reinforcement. Wise’s work has tended to focus on positive-reinforcement mechanisms that are important for establishing drug-seeking habits and reinstating them quickly after periods of abstinence, whereas Koob’s work has tended to focus on the negative-reinforcement mechanisms that become most obvious in the late stages of sustained addiction. While we tend to agree with each other about the early and late stages of addiction, we hold different views as to (i) the point between early and late at which the diagnosis of ‘addiction’ should be invoked, (ii) the relative importance of positive and negative reinforcement leading up to this transition, and (iii) the degree to which the specifics of negative reinforcement can be generalized across the range of addictive agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.