ArticleColloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces2014
In vitro evaluation of TLR4 agonist activity: formulation effects.
Article in Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- ID93 + GLA-3M-052-LS vaccine candidate administered by heterologous routes improves BCG efficacy against TB.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Structure and immunological activity of QS-21 variant fromFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Advances in vaccine adjuvant development and future perspectives.Drug delivery · 2025Review
- The ID93 + GLA-3M-052-LS vaccine candidate elicits mucosal and systemic immunogenicity and protective efficacy againstbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Review
- Choice of adjuvant and antigen composition alters the immunogenic profile of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2024Article
- Kilo-Scale GMP Synthesis of Renewable Semisynthetic Vaccine-Grade Squalene.Organic process research & development · 2023Article
- Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization.Polymers · 2023Article
- Stressed stability and protective efficacy of lead lyophilized formulations of ID93+GLA-SE tuberculosis vaccine.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Semi-synthetic terpenoids with differential adjuvant properties as sustainable replacements for shark squalene in vaccine emulsions.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Formulated Phospholipids as Non-Canonical TLR4 Agonists.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Stabilized HIV-1 envelope immunization induces neutralizing antibodies to the CD4bs and protects macaques against mucosal infection.Science translational medicine · 2022Article
- Development of functionally relevant potency assays for monovalent and multivalent vaccines delivered by evolving technologies.NPJ vaccines · 2022Review
- Therapeutic efficacy againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Lyophilization Process Engineering and Thermostability of ID93 + GLA-SE, a Single-Vial Adjuvanted Subunit Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate for Use in Clinical Studies.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2022Article
- Optimizing a Multi-Component IntranasalFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Prophylactic efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using ID93 and lipid-based adjuvant formulations in the mouse model.PloS one · 2021Article
- Vaccine adjuvant activity of emulsified oils from species of the Pinaceae family.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Effective in vitro evaluation of vaccine adjuvants would allow higher throughput screening compared to in vivo studies. However, vaccine adjuvants comprise a wide range of structures and formulations ranging from soluble TLR agonists to complex lipid-based formulations. The effects of formulation parameters on in vitro bioactivity assays and the correlations with in vivo adjuvant activity is not well understood. In the present work, we employ the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and a human macrophage cellular cytokine production assay to demonstrate the differences in in vitro bioactivity of four distinct formulations of the synthetic TLR4 agonist GLA: an aqueous nanosuspension (GLA-AF), an oil-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE), a liposome (GLA-LS), and an alum-adsorbed formulation (GLA-Alum). Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the localization of GLA on in vitro potency. By comparing to previous published reports on the in vivo bioactivity of these GLA-containing formulations, we conclude that the most potent activators of the in vitro systems may not be the most potent in vivo adjuvant formulations. Furthermore, we discuss the formulation considerations which should be taken into account when interpreting data from in vitro adjuvant activity assays.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.