ReviewClinical and experimental immunology2014
Cerebral vasculitis in adults: what are the steps in order to establish the diagnosis? Red flags and pitfalls.
Review in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS).European stroke journal · 2023Guideline
- Differentiating primary angiitis of the central nervous system from paraneoplastic neurological syndrome.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Tolosa-Hunt syndrome presenting as persistent unilateral headache and painful ophthalmoplegia: A rare case report highlighting diagnostic challenges and therapeutic response.Radiology case reports · 2025Article
- 7T MRI as a Powerful Tool to Detect Small- and Medium-Size Vessel CNS Vasculitis.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Case Report: Acute onset hemiparesis in a young man: do not miss Crohn's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Rituximab treatment in Chinese patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The Contribution of Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Diagnosis of Primary and Secondary Central Nervous System Vasculitis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Primary angiitis of the CNS and ANCA-associated vasculitis: from pathology to treatment.Rheumatology international · 2024Review
- Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome With Typical and Atypical Symptoms: A Case Series.Cureus · 2024Article
- Mycophenolate mofetil as induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in adult primary central nervous system vasculitis: A prospective observational study.Clinical rheumatology · 2023Observational
- PRIMARY ANGIITIS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - A DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE.Acta clinica Croatica · 2023Review
- Childhood Cerebral Vasculitis : A Multidisciplinary Approach.Clinical neuroradiology · 2023Review
- Close, but no cigar: an unfortunate case of primary angiitis of the central nervous system.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Recovery of intracranial stenoses in varicella zoster virus vasculitis after long-term treatment with valacyclovir and prednisolone.Neurological research and practice · 2022Article
- Diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of central nervous system vasculitis: an evaluation of vessel-wall MRI findings.Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebrovascular Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Neurologic Toxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review of Literature.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- The diagnostic contribution of intracranial vessel wall imaging in the differentiation of primary angiitis of the central nervous system from other intracranial vasculopathies.Neuroradiology · 2021Article
- Heritable and non-heritable uncommon causes of stroke.Journal of neurology · 2021Review
- Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome without Headache That Was Initially Suspected of Being Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cerebral vasculitis is a rare cause of juvenile stroke. It may occur as primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) or as CNS manifestation in the setting of systemic vasculitis. Clinical hints for vasculitis are headache, stroke, seizures, encephalopathy and signs of a systemic inflammatory disorder. Diagnostic work-up includes anamnesis, whole body examination, laboratory and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiography and brain biopsy. Due to the rarity of the disease, exclusion of more frequent differential diagnoses is a key element of diagnostic work -up. This review summarizes the steps that lead to the diagnosis of cerebral vasculitis and describes the red flags and pitfalls. Despite considering the dilemma of angiography-negative vasculitis and false-negative brain biopsy in some cases, it is important to protect patients from 'blind' immunosuppressive therapy in unrecognized non-inflammatory differential diagnosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.