ReviewImmunology2014
Can we switch microglia's phenotype to foster neuroprotection? Focus on multiple sclerosis.
Review in Immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dual role of microglia in glaucoma: Regulation of neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal stem cells and secretome as modulators of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Glial Cells in the Early Stages of Neurodegeneration: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Human Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Microglia.Cells · 2024Article
- Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Review
- [Impact of chaperone-mediated autophagy on bilirubin-induced damage of mouse microglial cells].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2024Article
- Review
- The Involvement of Neuroinflammation in the Onset and Progression of Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice through activation of microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype.Psychopharmacology · 2023Article
- New insight on microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutics.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Advanced therapeutic strategies targeting microglia: beyond neuroinflammation.Archives of pharmacal research · 2022Review
- Microglia-derived CCL2 has a prime role in neocortex neuroinflammation.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2022Article
- KRIBB11: A Promising Drug that Promotes Microglial Process Elongation and Suppresses Neuroinflammation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Distinctive waves of innate immune response in the retina in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.JCI insight · 2021Article
- Review
- Pharmacological Investigations in Glia Culture Model of Inflammation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Review
- Treatment With the CSF1R Antagonist GW2580, Sensitizes Microglia to Reactive Oxygen Species.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Longitudinal monitoring of microglial/macrophage activation in ischemic rat brain using Iba-1-specific nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2020Article
- Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia cells, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, are highly active, extending and retracting highly motile processes through which they continuously survey their microenvironment for 'danger signals' and interact dynamically with surrounding cells. Upon sensing changes in their central nervous system microenvironment, microglia become activated, undergoing morphological and functional changes. Microglia activation is not an 'all-or-none' process, but rather a continuum depending on encountered stimuli, which is expressed through a spectrum of molecular and functional phenotypes ranging from so-called 'classically activated', with a highly pro-inflammatory profile, to 'alternatively activated' associated with a beneficial, less inflammatory, neuroprotective profile. Microglia activation has been demonstrated in most neurological diseases of diverse aetiology and has been implicated as a contributor to neurodegeneration. The possibility to promote microglia's neuroprotective phenotype has therefore become a therapeutic goal. We have focused our discussion on the role of microglia in multiple sclerosis, a prototype of inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disease, and on the effect of currently approved or on-trial anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies that might mediate neuroprotection at least in part through their effect on microglia by modifying their behaviour via a switch of their functional phenotype from a detrimental to a protective one. In addition to pharmaceutical approaches, such as treatment with glatiramer acetate, interferon-β, fingolimod or dimethyl fumarate, we address the alternative therapeutic approach of treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and their potential role in neuroprotection through their 'calming' effect on microglia.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.