ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2013
Two carotenoid oxygenases contribute to mammalian provitamin A metabolism.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers.
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Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 181 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Identification of the BCO gene family and its effect on body coloration in Lutjanus erythropterus.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- Disruption of carotenoid metabolism in cavefish via loss of beta-carotene oxygenase 2a.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- A Loss-of-Function Mutation inAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- An Integrated Single-Cell Atlas of the Mouse Ileum Links Nutrient Metabolism with Epithelial and Immune Crosstalk.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Determination of Carotenoids and Their Antioxidant Activity in Fruits of Selected Species from the GenusAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Recent advances in carotenoid absorption, distribution, and elimination.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2025Review
- Transporters in vitamin uptake and cellular metabolism: impacts on health and disease.Life metabolism · 2025Review
- Therapeutic Uses of Retinol and Retinoid-Related Antioxidants.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Advances and therapeutic opportunities in visual cycle modulation.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2025Review
- Disentangling the molecular mechanisms underlying yellow body coloration in a soft-shelled turtle.Zoological research · 2025Article
- The intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) modulates β-carotene-dependent regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) in a tissue-specific manner.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2025Article
- Distinct pathways for the absorption and metabolism of β-carotene and zeaxanthin in the mouse intestine.Journal of lipid research · 2025Article
- Vitamin A supply in the eye and establishment of the visual cycle.Current topics in developmental biology · 2025Review
- Imaging macular carotenoids and their related proteins in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microscopy.Experimental eye research · 2024Article
- Immunometabolic effects ofImmunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey) · 2024Review
- Suppression of ferroptosis by vitamin A or radical-trapping antioxidants is essential for neuronal development.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The Absorption, Storage, and Transport of Ocular Carotenoids and Retinoids.Annual review of vision science · 2024Review
- Carotenoid Supplementation for Alleviating the Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode two provitamin A-converting enzymes as follows: the β-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) and the β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2). Symmetric cleavage by BCO1 yields retinoids (β-15'-apocarotenoids, C20), whereas eccentric cleavage by BCO2 produces long-chain (>C20) apocarotenoids. Here, we used genetic and biochemical approaches to clarify the contribution of these enzymes to provitamin A metabolism. We subjected wild type, Bco1(-/-), Bco2(-/-), and Bco1(-/-)Bco2(-/-) double knock-out mice to a controlled diet providing β-carotene as the sole source for apocarotenoid production. This study revealed that BCO1 is critical for retinoid homeostasis. Genetic disruption of BCO1 resulted in β-carotene accumulation and vitamin A deficiency accompanied by a BCO2-dependent production of minor amounts of β-apo-10'-carotenol (APO10ol). We found that APO10ol can be esterified and transported by the same proteins as vitamin A but with a lower affinity and slower reaction kinetics. In wild type mice, APO10ol was converted to retinoids by BCO1. We also show that a stepwise cleavage by BCO2 and BCO1 with APO10ol as an intermediate could provide a mechanism to tailor asymmetric carotenoids such as β-cryptoxanthin for vitamin A production. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that mammals employ both carotenoid oxygenases to synthesize retinoids from provitamin A carotenoids.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.