ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2014
Did hardening occur among smokers in England from 2000 to 2010?
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smokers Increasingly Motivated and Able to Quit as Smoking Prevalence Falls: Umbrella and Systematic Review of Evidence Relevant to the "Hardening Hypothesis," Considering Transcendence of Manufactured Doubt.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Tobacco Dependence Among Adolescents Aged 12-16 Years Who Were Currently Smoking Tobacco in 125 Countries or Territories, 2012-2019.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Age as a predictor of quit attempts and quit success in smoking cessation: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country survey (2002-14).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Article
- Changes in adult smoking behaviours in ten global adult tobacco survey (GATS) countries during 2008-2018 - a test of 'hardening' hypothesis'.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Trends in Attempts to Quit Smoking in England Since 2007: A Time Series Analysis of a Range of Population-Level Influences.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Changes in smoker characteristics in England between 2008 and 2017.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2020Article
- Population-level predictors of changes in success rates of smoking quit attempts in England: a time series analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2020Article
- Characteristics of Hardcore Male Smokers in Taiwan: A Qualitative Study.Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal · 2020Article
- The epidemiology of lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2018Review
- Tobacco price increase and smoking behaviour changes in various subgroups: a nationwide longitudinal 7-year follow-up study among a middle-aged Japanese population.Tobacco control · 2017Article
- Prevalence of hardcore smoking in the Netherlands between 2001 and 2012: a test of the hardening hypothesis.BMC public health · 2016Article
- The smoking population in the USA and EU is softening not hardening.Tobacco control · 2016Article
- Update on medicines for smoking cessation.Australian prescriber · 2015Review
- Social Inequality in Cigarette Consumption, Cigarette Dependence, and Intention to Quit among Norwegian Smokers.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Using your bullets most wisely for the smoking gun.Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo assess trends in the prevalence of 'hardcore' smoking in England between 2000 and 2010, and to examine associations between hardcore smoking and socio-demographic variables.
designSecondary analysis of data from the United Kingdom's General Lifestyle Survey (GLF) and the Health Survey for England (HSE).
settingHouseholds in England.
participantsSelf-reported adult current smokers resident in England aged 26 years and over. MEASUREMENTS: Hardcore smokers were defined in three ways: smokers who do not want to quit (D1), those who 'usually' smoke their first cigarette of the day within 30 minutes of waking (D2) and a combination of D1 and D2, termed D3. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore associations between these variables and calendar year, age, sex and socio-economic status, and P-values for trends in odds were calculated.
findingsThe odds of smokers being defined as hardcore according to D3 increased over time in both the GLF (P < 0.001) and HSE (P = 0.04), even after adjusting for risk factors. Higher dependence (D2) was noted in men [odds ratio (OR): 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.24], those of 50-59 years (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.80-2.09) and smokers in lower occupational groups (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: (1.97-2.26). Lack of motivation to quit (D1) increased with age and was more likely in men.
conclusionsThe proportion of smokers in England with both low motivation to quit and high dependence appears to have increased between 2000 and 2010, independently of risk factors, suggesting that 'hardening' may be occurring in this smoker population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.