ArticlePloS one2013
The detection of surfactant proteins A, B, C and D in the human brain and their regulation in cerebral infarction, autoimmune conditions and infections of the CNS.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculous Meningitis Alters the Proteomic Landscape of Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.Cells · 2026Article
- Prognostic Biomarker Signature of Relapse in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders in the CIRCLES Observational Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Phosphorylation of inner core heptose is a major determinant of bacterial surface lipopolysaccharide recognition by the innate immune protein hSP-D.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Roles of sex and SP-A genetic variants in modulating multiorgan injuries post viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Tuberculous meningitis alters the proteomic landscape of brain-derived extracellular vesicles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Pilot Exploratory Analysis of Serum Gonadal Hormones, Inflammatory Proteins, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Glymphatic system dysfunction in cerebral infarction: advances and perspectives based on DTI-derived ALPS measures.American journal of translational research · 2025Review
- Cutting-edge perspectives on biosurfactants: implications for antimicrobial and biomedical applications.3 Biotech · 2024Review
- Ependymal cells: roles in central nervous system infections and therapeutic application.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Surfactant protein a attenuates generalized and localized neuroinflammation in neonatal mice.Brain research · 2023Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentrations in Hydrocephalus.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Changes in CSF Surface Tension in Relation to Surfactant Proteins in Children with Intraventricular Hemorrhage.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Regionally Altered Immunosignals of Surfactant Protein-G, Vascular and Non-Vascular Elements of the Neurovascular Unit after Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats, and Sheep.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Surfactant Protein-G in Wildtype and 3xTg-AD Mice: Localization in the Forebrain, Age-Dependent Hippocampal Dot-like Deposits and Brain Content.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Surfactant Protein D Recognizes Multiple Fungal Ligands: A Key Step to Initiate and Intensify the Anti-fungal Host Defense.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- CSF Surfactant Protein Changes in Preterm Infants After Intraventricular Hemorrhage.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Article
- Rheologically Essential Surfactant Proteins of the CSF Interacting with Periventricular White Matter Changes in Hydrocephalus Patients - Implications for CSF Dynamics and the Glymphatic System.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Article
- Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Modifies the Changes Induced in Non-Nervous Organs and Tissues by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Models.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Localization, Occurrence, and CSF Changes of SP-G, a New Surface Active Protein with Assumable Immunoregulatory Functions in the CNS.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Article
- Elevated Surfactant Protein Levels and Increased Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Molecular neurobiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedKekulé, Alexander [corrected to Kekulé, Alexander S]
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SP) have been studied intensively in the respiratory system. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D are proteins belonging to the family of collectins each playing a major role in the innate immune system. The ability of surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D to bind various pathogens and facilitate their elimination has been described in a vast number of studies. Surfactant proteins are very important in modulating the host's inflammatory response and participate in the clearance of apoptotic cells. Surfactant protein B and surfactant protein C are proteins responsible for lowering the surface tension in the lungs. The aim of this study was an investigation of expression of surfactant proteins in the central nervous system to assess their specific distribution patterns. The second aim was to quantify surfactant proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of healthy subjects compared to patients suffering from different neuropathologies. The expression of mRNA for the surfactant proteins was analyzed with RT-PCR done with samples from different parts of the human brain. The production of the surfactant proteins in the brain was verified using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The concentrations of the surfactant proteins in cerebrospinal fluid from healthy subjects and patients suffering from neuropathologic conditions were quantified using ELISA. Our results revealed that surfactant proteins are present in the central nervous system and that the concentrations of one or more surfactant proteins in healthy subjects differed significantly from those of patients affected by central autoimmune processes, CNS infections or cerebral infarction. Based on the localization of the surfactant proteins in the brain, their different levels in normal versus pathologic samples of cerebrospinal fluid and their well-known functions in the lungs, it appears that the surfactant proteins may play roles in host defense of the brain, facilitation of cerebrospinal fluid secretion and maintenance of the latter's rheological properties.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.