ArticlePloS one2013
The contribution of non-conventional T cells and NK cells in the mycobacterial-specific IFNγ response in Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-immunized infants.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Timing ofThorax · 2021Pooled it
- Induction of Functional Specific Antibodies, IgG-Secreting Plasmablasts and Memory B Cells Following BCG Vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Neonatal BCG Vaccination Reduces Interferon-γ Responsiveness to Heterologous Pathogens in Infants From a Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Trial
- Seasonal variation in the non-specific effects of BCG vaccination on neonatal mortality: three randomised controlled trials in Guinea-Bissau.BMJ global health · 2020Trial
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination of Adults with Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induces Long-Lived BCG-Reactive NK Cell Responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Trial
- Revisiting T cells: Innate actions and emerging links to innate memory response.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- IFN-γ- GranzymeB + Natural killer cells are induced by IV BCG vaccination and associated with protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Vaccination of calves with Bacille Calmette Guerin increased the frequency but did not affect aggregation or clustering of natural killer cells in draining lymph nodes.Discovery immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Evidence of innate training in bovine γδ T cells following subcutaneous BCG administration.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- When inflammatory stressors dramatically change, disease phenotypes may transform between autoimmune hematopoietic failure and myeloid neoplasms.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- IV BCG Vaccination and Aerosol BCG Revaccination Induce Mycobacteria-Responsive γδ T Cells Associated with Protective Efficacy againstVaccines · 2023Article
- Leukemic transformation during anti-tuberculosis treatment in aplastic anemia-paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome: A case report and review of literature.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
- Clinical manifestations and immune response to tuberculosis.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2023Review
- Training vs. Tolerance: The Yin/Yang of the Innate Immune System.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- BCG-activation of leukocytes is sufficient for the generation of donor-independent innate anti-tumor NK and γδ T-cells that can be further expandedOncoimmunology · 2023Article
- Review
- The adaptive immune system in early life: The shift makes it count.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Using cross-species vaccination approaches to counter emerging infectious diseases.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2021Review
- γδ T Cells Support Antigen-Specific αβ T cell-Mediated Antitumor Responses during BCG Treatment for Bladder Cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given to >120 million infants each year worldwide. Most studies investigating the immune response to BCG have focused on adaptive immunity. However the importance of TCR-gamma/delta (γδ) T cells and NK cells in the mycobacterial-specific immune response is of increasing interest.
methodsParticipants in four age-groups were BCG-immunized. Ten weeks later, in vitro BCG-stimulated blood was analyzed for NK and T cell markers, and intracellular IFNgamma (IFNγ) by flow cytometry. Total functional IFNγ response was calculated using integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI).
resultsIn infants and children, CD4 and CD4-CD8- (double-negative (DN)) T cells were the main IFNγ-expressing cells representing 43-56% and 27-37% of total CD3+ IFNγ+ T cells respectively. The iMFI was higher in DN T cells compared to CD4 T cells in all age groups, with the greatest differences seen in infants immunized at birth (p=0.002) or 2 months of age (p<0.0001). When NK cells were included in the analysis, they accounted for the majority of total IFNγ-expressing cells and, together with DN Vδ2 γδ T cells, had the highest iMFI in infants immunized at birth or 2 months of age.
conclusionIn addition to CD4 T cells, NK cells and DN T cells, including Vδ2 γδ T cells, are the key populations producing IFNγ in response to BCG immunization in infants and children. This suggests that innate immunity and unconventional T cells play a greater role in the mycobacterial immune response than previously recognized and should be considered in the design and assessment of novel tuberculosis vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.