ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2013
Th1 and Th17 but no Th2-related cytokine spectrum in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with Borrelia-related facial nerve palsy.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early clearance of Chikungunya virus in children is associated with a strong innate immune response.Scientific reports · 2016Pooled it
- Biomarkers of Lyme neuroborreliosis: a systematic review.Infection · 2026Review
- The effect of low-temperature-induced immune activation in elderly idiopathic facial palsy: the association between Th1/Th2 imbalance and facial nerve inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid protein profiling of inflammatory and neurobiological markers in Lyme neuroborreliosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intrathecal Th17-driven inflammation is associated with prolonged post-treatment convalescence for patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, stimulates an inflammatory response in human choroid plexus epithelial cells.PloS one · 2020Article
- Advances in Biomarker-Guided Therapy for Pediatric- and Adult-Onset Neuroinflammatory Disorders: Targeting Chemokines/Cytokines.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Intrathecal Th17- and B cell-associated cytokine and chemokine responses in relation to clinical outcome in Lyme neuroborreliosis: a large retrospective study.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2017Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in Lyme neuroborreliosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2016Article
- Early cytokine release in response to live Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Spirochetes is largely complement independent.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChemokines and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum have been extensively studied in adults with neuroborreliosis (NB), whereas there are limited data about the pediatric population. In adults, T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17-related cytokines were observed during acute NB. In children, the Th2 response is thought to moderate the disease course. The aim of this study was to determine the chemokine-cytokine profile in children with acute NB displaying Borrelia-related peripheral facial nerve palsy (PFNP).
methodsLuminex multiple bead technology was used for the detection of twelve cytokines and chemokines in the CSF and serum of three groups: 1) children with Borrelia-related PFNP (BPFNP); 2) children with non-borrelial "idiopathic" PFNP (NIPFNP); and 3) age-related controls.
resultsIn BPFNP, cytokines-chemokines related to a non-specific pro-inflammatory activity and specific Th1/Th17 responses were detected in CSF, and elevated IL-7 and IL-10 levels were observed in serum and CSF compared to NIPFNP and to controls. In NIPFNP, CSF findings were similar to controls; however, higher levels of IL-7 and MCP-1 were observed in serum. Higher IL-8, IL-15 and MCP-1 levels were detected in CSF compared to serum in all groups. MCP-1 and IL-8 levels in CSF were strikingly higher in BPFNP compared to the other two groups, while IL-15 levels in CSF showed no difference. In addition, in controls, increased IL-4 level was found in CSF compared to serum.
conclusionThe chemokine-cytokine profile in the CSF of children with acute NB was similar to previous studies in adults. Our data suggests that higher levels of IL-4, IL-15 and MCP-1 levels in CSF compared to serum in controls might represent a potentially protective cytokine milieu in the CNS compartment.
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Registered trials
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