ArticleInfection and immunity2013
Vaginolysin drives epithelial ultrastructural responses to Gardnerella vaginalis.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative proteomics reveal striking differences in biofilm formation and virulence potential ofJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Association BetweenMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Genetic transformation ofInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Bacterial vaginosis toxins impair sperm capacitation and fertilization.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Fatty acid composition in the vaginal tract of cis-gender women: canary in coal mines for reproductive health?Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Impact of bacterial vaginosis on sexually transmitted viral infections: a bacterial point of view.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Gardnerella Vaginolysin Potentiates Glycan Molecular Mimicry by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Intrauterine colonization with Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus mulieris induces maternal inflammation but not preterm birth in a mouse model.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2023Article
- Review
- Rapid Point-of-Care Test Kit for Bacterial Vaginosis: Detection of Vaginolysin and Clue Cells Using Paper Strips and a Smartphone.Analytical chemistry · 2022Article
- Gardnerella vaginalis alters cervicovaginal epithelial cell function through microbe-specific immune responses.Microbiome · 2022Article
- Metastable Iron Sulfides Gram-Dependently Counteract Resistant Gardnerella Vaginalis for Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota.Nature microbiology · 2022Review
- Vaginal Lactobacilli and Vaginal Dysbiosis-Associated Bacteria Differently Affect Cervical Epithelial and Immune Homeostasis and Anti-Viral Defenses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Interaction of Macrophages and Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins: The Impact on Immune Response and Cellular Survival.Toxins · 2020Review
- The Alterations of Vaginal Microbiome in HPV16 Infection as Identified by Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
- Identification and characterization of NanH2 and NanH3, enzymes responsible for sialidase activity in the vaginal bacteriumThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2019Article
- Interaction of Gardnerella vaginalis and Vaginolysin with the Apical versus Basolateral Face of a Three-Dimensional Model of Vaginal Epithelium.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins Produced by Vaginal Bacteria: Certainties and Controversies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Review
- Higher Levels of a Cytotoxic Protein, Vaginolysin, in Lactobacillus-Deficient Community State Types at the Vaginal Mucosa.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gardnerella vaginalis, the bacterial species most frequently isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis (BV), produces a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC), vaginolysin (VLY). At sublytic concentrations, CDCs may initiate complex signaling cascades crucial to target cell survival. Using live-cell imaging, we observed the rapid formation of large membrane blebs in human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells (VK2 and HeLa cells) exposed to recombinant VLY toxin and to cell-free supernatants from growing liquid cultures of G. vaginalis. Binding of VLY to its human-specific receptor (hCD59) is required for bleb formation, as antibody inhibition of either toxin or hCD59 abrogates this response, and transfection of nonhuman cells (CHO-K1) with hCD59 renders them susceptible to toxin-induced membrane blebbing. Disruption of the pore formation process (by exposure to pore-deficient toxoids or pretreatment of cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin) or osmotic protection of target cells inhibits VLY-induced membrane blebbing. These results indicate that the formation of functional pores drives the observed ultrastructural rearrangements. Rapid bleb formation may represent a conserved response of epithelial cells to sublytic quantities of pore-forming toxins, and VLY-induced epithelial cell membrane blebbing in the vaginal mucosa may play a role in the pathogenesis of BV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.