ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2014
ADHD and the externalizing spectrum: direct comparison of categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of liability in a nationally representative sample.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- The interplay between externalizing disorders polygenic risk scores and contextual factors on the development of marijuana use disorders.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- Common cause versus dynamic mutualism: Insights into ADHD's common comorbidities.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Associations of Tonic and Phasic Irritability With Psychopathology Subfactors of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Where does attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder fit in the psychopathology hierarchy? A symptom-focused analysis.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2024Article
- Where do neurodevelopmental conditions fit in transdiagnostic psychiatric frameworks? Incorporating a new neurodevelopmental spectrum.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Genetic and shared environmental factors explain the association between adolescent polysubstance use and high school noncompletion.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2024Article
- Using rodent data to elucidate dopaminergic mechanisms of ADHD: Implications for human personality.Personality neuroscience · 2024Review
- The validity of transdiagnostic factors in predicting homotypic and heterotypic continuity of psychopathology symptoms over time.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2022Article
- Higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in a neurodevelopmental transdiagnostic sample.Journal of abnormal psychology · 2021Article
- Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2021Article
- Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS): Validation in a Large Multisite College Sample.Assessment · 2021Article
- Article
- Steps Towards a Unified Theory of Psychopathology: The Phase Space of Meaning Model.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2020Article
- Examining the Utility of a General Substance Use Spectrum Using Latent Trait Modeling.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Personality traits as an organizing framework for personality pathology.Personality and mental health · 2020Article
- Integrating the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) into clinical practice.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2019Article
- Patterns of polysubstance use and simultaneous co-use in high risk young adults.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
- The latent structure of interpersonal problems: Validity of dimensional, categorical, and hybrid models.Journal of abnormal psychology · 2019Article
- Delineating and validating higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.Translational psychiatry · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAlcohol use disorders, substance use disorders, and antisocial personality disorder share a common externalizing liability, which may also include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have compared formal quantitative models of externalizing liability, with the aim of delineating the categorical and/or continuous nature of this liability in the community. This study compares categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of externalizing liability.
methodData were derived from the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34,653). Seven disorders were modeled: childhood ADHD and lifetime diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence, cocaine dependence, and other substance dependence.
resultsThe continuous latent trait model provided the best fit to the data. Measurement invariance analyses supported the fit of the model across genders, with females displaying a significantly lower probability of experiencing externalizing disorders. Cocaine dependence, marijuana dependence, other substance dependence, alcohol dependence, ASPD, nicotine dependence, and ADHD provided the greatest information, respectively, about the underlying externalizing continuum.
conclusionsLiability to externalizing disorders is continuous and dimensional in severity. The findings have important implications for the organizational structure of externalizing psychopathology in psychiatric nomenclatures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.