ArticleCellular microbiology2014
Streptococcal co-infection augments Candida pathogenicity by amplifying the mucosal inflammatory response.
Article in Cellular microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 179 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Oral Candidiasis to Candidemia: A Review of Superficial to Invasive Progression.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Interactions betweenInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Microbiota-based therapies in oral health and disorders.Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- In vitro evaluation of tolerance ability of cross-kingdom biofilm towards oral dynamic fluctuations.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Powder diet exacerbates oropharyngeal candidiasis in a mouse model.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- 3Y-TZP/Ta Biocermet as a Dental Material: An Analysis of the In Vitro Adherence of Streptococcus Oralis Biofilm and an In Vivo Pilot Study in Dogs.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Supragingival microbiome variations and the influence ofJournal of oral microbiology · 2024Article
- A mouse model of immunosuppression facilitates oralFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Oral streptococci: modulators of health and disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- A prebiotic diet modulates the oral microbiome composition and results in the attenuation of oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Dynamic interactions between Candida albicans and different streptococcal species in a multispecies oral biofilm.MicrobiologyOpen · 2023Article
- Bacterial-fungal interactions and their impact on microbial pathogenesis.Molecular ecology · 2023Review
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- Molecular Accounting and Profiling of Human Respiratory Microbial Communities: Toward Precision Medicine by Targeting the Respiratory Microbiome for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Role of Host and Fungal Factors in the Commensal-to-Pathogen Transition ofCurrent clinical microbiology reports · 2023Review
- Candida albicans enriched in orthodontic derived white spot lesions and shaped focal supragingival bacteriome.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Oral Microorganisms and Biofilms: New Insights to Defeat the Main Etiologic Factor of Oral Diseases.Microorganisms · 2022Article
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- Oral Commensal Streptococci: Gatekeepers of the Oral Cavity.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mitis-group streptococci are ubiquitous oral commensals that can promote polybacterial biofilm virulence. Using a novel murine oral mucosal co-infection model we sought to determine for the first time whether these organisms promote the virulence of C. albicans mucosal biofilms in oropharyngeal infection and explored mechanisms of pathogenic synergy. We found that Streptococcus oralis colonization of the oral and gastrointestinal tract was augmented in the presence of C. albicans. S. oralis and C. albicans co-infection significantly augmented the frequency and size of oral thrush lesions. Importantly, S. oralis promoted deep organ dissemination of C. albicans. Whole mouse genome tongue microarray analysis showed that when compared with animals infected with one organism, the doubly infected animals had genes in the major categories of neutrophilic response/chemotaxis/inflammation significantly upregulated, indicative of an exaggerated inflammatory response. This response was dependent on TLR2 signalling since oral lesions, transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and neutrophil infiltration, were attenuated in TLR2(-/-) animals. Furthermore, S. oralis activated neutrophils in a TLR2-dependent manner in vitro. In summary, this study identifies a previously unrecognized pathogenic synergy between oral commensal bacteriaand C. albicans. This is the first report of the ability of mucosal commensal bacteria to modify the virulence of an opportunistic fungal pathogen.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.