ReviewJournal of applied genetics2013
Reference genes in real-time PCR.
Review in Journal of applied genetics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 494 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
494 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review on the selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in rodents: are the classics the best choice?Molecular biology reports · 2024Pooled it
- microRNAs as New Biomolecular Markers to Estimate Time since Death: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Potential Role of mRNA in Estimating Postmortem Interval: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Mediterranean Diet Modulates Gene Expression of Cholesterol Efflux Receptors in High-Risk Cardiovascular Patients.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Trial
- Mediterranean Diet Modulation of Neuroinflammation-Related Genes in Elderly Adults at High Cardiovascular Risk.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Identifying an appropriate endogenous control for real-time PCR of microRNAs in colorectal liver metastases: A comparison of 18s rRNA and small nuclear RNA RNU6B.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Expression of the long noncoding RNA Neat1 in saliva, blood, and ventromedial hypothalamus of pigs exposed to psychosocial stressors.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Identification of Reference Genes and Their Application in Analysis of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis Genes in American Ginseng Under Abiotic Stresses and Hormone Treatments.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Oxidative Stress-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Drives Genistein-Induced Apoptosis in TM4 Sertoli and ELT3 Leiomyoma Cells.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Experimental infection of acute bee paralysis virus induces differential responses of selected honey bee immune genes, independent of varroa resistance.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reference gene selection for gene expression analysis in Coffea arabica L. under ABA and gibberellin treatments.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Identification of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Assays inCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Screening of Reference Gene for RT-qPCR inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Identification of condition-specific optimal reference genes for qPCR data normalisation in pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Screening optimum reference genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis in invasive apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata under different conditions.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- The good, the bad, and the stable: Reference genes for preclinical biodistribution studies.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Matrix- and Differentiation Stage-Dependent Variability of Reference Genes: Rethinking Validation Strategies in 3T3-L1 Adipogenic Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Full-Length Reference Gene Stability inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Selection of appropriate reference genes in ApoeIBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
434 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss various aspects of the use of reference genes in qPCR technique used in the thousands of present studies. Most frequently, these are housekeeping genes and they must meet several criteria so that they can lay claim to the name. Lots of papers report that in different conditions, for different organisms and even tissues the basic assumption—the constant level of the expression is not maintained for many genes that seem to be perfect candidates. Moreover, their transcription can not be affected by experimental factors. Sounds simple and clear but a great number of designed protocols and lack of consistency among them brings confusion on how to perform experiment properly. Since during selection of the most stable normalizing gene we can not use any reference gene, different ways and algorithms for their selection were developed. Such methods, including examples of best normalizing genes in some specific cases and possible mistakes are presented based on available sources. Numerous examples of reference genes applications, which are usually in too few numbers in relevant articles not allowing to make a solid fundament for a reader, will be shown along with instructive compilations to make an evidence for presented statements and an arrangement of future qPCR experiments. To include all the pitfalls and problems associated with the normalization methods there is no way not to begin from sample preparation and its storage going through candidate gene selection, primer design and statistical analysis. This is important because numerous short reviews available cover the topic only in lesser extent at the same time giving the reader false conviction of complete topic recognition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.