ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2013
Causal inference in occupational epidemiology: accounting for the healthy worker effect by using structural nested models.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Psychosocial Stressors at Work and the Risk of Sickness Absence Due to a Diagnosed Mental Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Towards robust causal inference in epidemiologic research: employing double cross-fit TMLE in right heart catheterization data.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Socio-demographic characteristics associated with SF-6D v2 utility scores in patients undergoing dialysis in China: contributions of the quantile regression.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2025Article
- Perceived Occupational Noise Exposure and Depression in Young Finnish Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Recommendations for Using Causal Diagrams to Study Racial Health Disparities.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Methodological perspectives on the study of the health effects of unemployment - reviewing the mode of unemployment, the statistical analysis method and the role of confounding factors.BMC medical research methodology · 2022Article
- Exposure-response assessment of cancer mortality in styrene-exposed boatbuilders.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2020Article
- Factors associated with self-reported exposure to chemical substances at work in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey, 2013.Revista de saude publica · 2020Article
- The riddle of shiftwork and disturbed chronobiology: a case study of landmark smoking data demonstrates fallacies of not considering the ubiquity of an exposure.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2020Article
- Asbestos standards: Impact of currently uncounted chrysotile asbestos fibers on lifetime lung cancer risk.American journal of industrial medicine · 2018Article
- Cohort profile: LIFEWORK, a prospective cohort study on occupational and environmental risk factors and health in the Netherlands.BMJ open · 2018Article
- Lower risk of end stage renal disease in diabetic nurse.BioMedicine · 2017Article
- Factors affecting workforce participation and healthy worker biases in U.S. women and men.Annals of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Cohort Profile: The International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS).International journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- The incidence risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in female nurses: a nationwide matched cohort study.BMC public health · 2016Article
- Are all biases missing data problems?Current epidemiology reports · 2015Article
- Invited commentary: Estimating population impact in the presence of competing events.American journal of epidemiology · 2015Article
- Construct validity of SF-6D health state utility values in an employed population.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In a recent issue of the Journal, Kirkeleit et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(11):1218-1224) provided empirical evidence for the potential of the healthy worker effect in a large cohort of Norwegian workers across a range of occupations. In this commentary, we provide some historical context, define the healthy worker effect by using causal diagrams, and use simulated data to illustrate how structural nested models can be used to estimate exposure effects while accounting for the healthy worker survivor effect in 4 simple steps. We provide technical details and annotated SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) code corresponding to the example analysis in the Web Appendices, available at http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.